VIII Social Science Second Term Notes Eglish
Chapter 5: Constitution of India: Rights and Duties
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Dr. B. R. Ambedkar's Quote: This speech highlights the importance of liberty, equality, and fraternity.
Preamble of the Indian Constitution: Declares that justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity shall be protected for all citizens.
These ideals are enshrined in the Constitution as Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy.
The Constitution also mentions the basic duties of citizens.
Constituent Assembly: Came into existence on December 6, 1946.
Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the Chairman of the House.
Jawaharlal Nehru was the Chairman of the three main sub-committees.
The assembly was reconstituted after independence in 1947 with two hundred ninety-nine members.
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Definition of Rights: Rights are claims that are accepted by society, recognized, and enforced by the state through law.
Role of Democratic Systems: It is the responsibility of democratic systems to ensure that individuals have rights.
Governments must implement these rights through law.
The list of rights in the Constitution places limitations on the government's ability to interfere with individual rights.
It also ensures redressal (solutions) if rights are violated.
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Fundamental Rights: These are rights that are internationally recognized as human rights and are essential for the dignity, liberty, and survival of citizens in a democratic system.
Fundamental rights are recognized, protected, and enforced by states.
Human Rights: Rights that protect the dignity and individuality of human beings universally, without discrimination based on caste, religion, race, color, language, or gender.
Magna Carta (1215): The earliest written document of rights in Britain.
It means ‘big document’.
It declared that the king and his government are not above the law.
It later became the basis for the British Parliament’s powers and legal principles.
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Timeline of Fundamental Rights (MIQ)
Magna Carta (1215): The first official document in the world to refer to civil rights and liberties.
Declaration of Human Rights after the French Revolution (1789): Also known as the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. It states that citizens are born free and equal in rights.
United States Bill of Rights (1789): Mentioned in the world’s first written constitution. Guarantees rights such as religious belief, freedom of speech/press, peaceful assembly, and security of life/property.
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United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948): This Bill of Rights was issued by the United Nations for implementation by all member states.
These lines on rights played a crucial role in forming the concept of fundamental rights in various democratic constitutions.
Factors Influencing Fundamental Rights in India:
The denial of rights suffered by the Indian people during the British rule.
The values upheld by the freedom struggle.
The ideas of the Indian Renaissance Movement.
The rights mentioned in the constitutions of other countries and Bills of Rights.
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SCERT Q: What were the factors that influenced the inclusion of Fundamental Rights in the Constitution of India?
l denial of rights experienced during colonial rule
l existing conditions in the world
l values upheld by the freedom struggle and the ideas of the Indian Renaissance Movement.
Constitution Day: November 26 is observed as Constitution Day to commemorate its adoption on November 26, 1949.
Fundamental Rights are enshrined in Part III of the Constitution of India.
The Constitution specifically protects and enforces these rights, unlike ordinary statutory rights.
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Right to Equality (Articles 14 to 18):
Ensures equality before the law and equal protection of the law for all.
Prohibits discrimination based on religion, class, caste, sex, or place of birth.
Guarantees equal access to public places like hotels, shops, wells, and roads.
Ensures equality of opportunity in public jobs.
Prohibits untouchability and abolishes titles.
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Right to Freedom (Articles 19 to 22): Reflects the strong desire of the Indian people who lived under foreign rule.
Rights and Freedom in Article 19 (MIQ):
Freedom of speech and expression.
Freedom to assemble peacefully.
Freedom to form associations.
Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India.
Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India.
Freedom to practise any profession or carry on any occupation, trade or business.
Articles 20 to 22 include rights such as the right to education, right to life, and individual freedom.
These rights are subject to reasonable restrictions based on national integrity, sovereignty, and security.
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Right against Exploitation (Articles 23 and 24): Ensures a secured life by eliminating exploitation.
Article 23: Prohibits all forms of forced labour and human trafficking, declaring them illegal.
Article 24: Prohibits employing children under the age of 14 in mines, factories, or other hazardous workplaces.
Right to Education Act-2009:
Education was declared a fundamental right under Article 21A by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act in 2002.
The Act came into effect in April 2010.
It ensures free, compulsory, and quality education for all children between the age group of six and fourteen.
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Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25 to 28):
Allows everyone in India the freedom to profess, practise, and propagate any acceptable religion.
Includes the freedom to act according to their conscience.
Guarantees equal treatment and equal protection to all religions.
This right is subject to restrictions regarding public norms, health, and morality.
Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29 to 30):
These rights pertain to minorities (religious, linguistic, and cultural groups that are fewer in number).
They are the means for minorities to preserve and develop their culture, language, and script.
Minorities have the right to establish and run their own educational institutions to protect and nurture their culture.
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Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32) (MIQ):
This is considered one of the greatest protections for individual safety and security.
If any fundamental right is violated, citizens can approach the Supreme Court (under Article 32) or the High Courts (under Article 226).
Courts restore fundamental rights through writs.
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar described this right as the heart and soul of the Indian Constitution.
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Various types of Writs (MIQ):
Habeas Corpus: Requires the custodian of an unlawfully detained person to bring the person before the court.
Mandamus: An order issued when an officer fails to perform his statutory duty, prejudicing the rights of another person.
Prohibition: Prohibits lower courts from hearing a case outside their jurisdiction.
Quo Warranto: Restrains an officer from holding a position for which he is not entitled.
Certiorari: Transfers a case pending in a lower court to the higher court.
Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP):
Aims to achieve socio-economic justice and establish a welfare state.
Unlike fundamental rights, these are not enforceable with the support of the courts.
Governments must give consideration to these principles when forming policies.
Contained in Articles 36 to 51 of Part IV of the Constitution.
Classified into liberal ideas, socialist ideas, and Gandhian ideas.
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Classification of Directive Principles (MIQ):
Liberal Ideas: Promote international peace and security; Uniform Civil Code; Equal justice and free legal aid; Provision of care and education for children under six years; Environment, livestock, and wildlife conservation.
Socialist Ideas: Wage for livelihood for workers; Equal pay for equal work for men and women; Participation of workers in industry management; Right to employment; Humane working conditions and maternity benefits.
Gandhian Ideas: Organise Gram Panchayats; Foster cottage industries; Agriculture and animal husbandry; Prohibition of intoxicating drinks and drugs; Uplift of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other weaker sections.
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SCERT Q: Identify and write the differences between fundamental rights and directive principles.
Fundamental Rights: Can be reinstated through the courts. Limit the powers of the government. Protect mainly the rights of individuals. Implement political democracy.
Directive Principles: Cannot go to court for enforcement. Compel the government to do certain things. Ensure the welfare of all sections of society. Realize socio-economic democracy.
Fundamental Duties:
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel suggested that Indian citizens should have regular responsibilities along with rights.
Rights and duties are two sides of the same coin.
The Sardar Swaran Singh Committee (1976) recommended them.
Included as a new part (Part IVA, Article 51A) via the 42nd Constitutional Amendment in 1976.
Their basic principle is that citizens enjoying rights should also be aware of their duties. There are eleven duties.
Examples of Duties: Obeying the Constitution, respecting ideals/institutions, National Flag/Anthem, upholding sovereignty/unity/integrity, defending the country, promoting harmony, valuing composite culture, protecting the environment...
Chapter 6: Resource Utilisation and Sustainability
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Kolar Gold Field (KGF): This is the oldest and largest gold mine in India.
It was originally found by John Warren in 1804 in Urigam, Karnataka.
KGF produced over 800 tonnes of gold between 1880 and 1956.
It marked India’s place on the world gold map and became one of India’s oldest industrial cities.
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Uses of Gold: Manufacturing of electronic goods, pharmaceutical manufacturing, making ornaments (implied).
Definition of a Resource (MIQ): Anything that is environmentally available, technologically accessible, culturally acceptable, and capable of meeting our needs.
Resources include both material things (water, soil) and non-material things (knowledge, health).
Human Resource: Human skills are used as resources. Humans are considered resources because they create many resources using their abilities, skills, and technology.
Classification based on Origin:
Natural resources: Obtained from nature (e.g., air, minerals).
Man-made resources: Made by human beings (e.g., road, machinery).
Kochi International Airport: The first airport in the world to run entirely on solar energy.
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Resources cannot all be used the same way because their availability and renewability vary.
Classification based on Renewable Potential (MIQ):
1. Renewable Resources: Resources that do not get depleted after use and can be reused. They are continuously produced in nature and readily available. Examples: Sunlight, wind, waves.
2. Non-Renewable Resources: Resources that have been formed over millions of years and decrease in quantity with use. Examples: Iron, gold, coal, and petroleum.
Mumbai High (Bombay High): A large offshore oil field located 160 km away in the Arabian Sea.
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Minerals: Naturally forming organic and inorganic substances with chemical and physical properties. Examples: Petroleum, iron ore, and bauxite.
Minerals are not used directly; they require mining and processing.
Ore: Minerals mixed with impurities mined from the earth in raw form.
Mining: The process of finding and extracting valuable materials (surface or underground).
Ores are converted into valuable minerals through refining processes.
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Classification of Minerals: Metallic Minerals and Non-Metallic Minerals.
Metallic Minerals: Naturally occurring substances containing traces of metal. The extracted metal is usually hard and lustrous (e.g., aluminium from bauxite).
Classification based on Iron presence:
Ferrous metals: Appear grey, magnetic in nature, heavy (e.g., iron ore).
Non-ferrous metals: Appear in different colours, non-magnetic, relatively light weight (e.g., bauxite).
Iron Ores: Classified into Magnetite (black ore), Hematite, Limonite, and Siderite. Good quality magnetite is found in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Goa, and Andhra Pradesh.
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Non-Metallic Minerals: Minerals that do not contain metals. They have relatively low hardness, lustre, and ductility.
Classification of Non-Metallic Minerals:
Organic minerals (Biominerals): Contain organic components (e.g., coal, petroleum).
Inorganic minerals: Contain inorganic components (e.g., graphite and clay).
India is rich in diverse minerals due to its geological features, but distribution is uneven.
Gold distribution: Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka and Jharkhand.
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Manufacturing Industries: Process raw materials using machines to make highly valuable products for marketing.
Classification based on Raw Materials (MIQ):
Agro-based industry (e.g., Sugar industry).
Mineral-based industry (e.g., Iron and steel industry).
Chemical industry (e.g., Petroleum industry).
Forest-based industry (e.g., Paper industry).
Animal-based industry (e.g., Leather industry).
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Iron and Steel Industry (MIQ):
It is called a Basic Industry because it provides the raw materials and products required for other industries.
It is also known as a Heavy Industry due to the large amount of raw materials used and the size and weight of its products.
India is one of the largest producers of iron and steel globally.
The extent of a country's industrial growth is measured by its iron and steel consumption.
It supports other industries, increases income, and raises the standard of living through employment opportunities.
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History of Iron and Steel Industry in India:
The modern industry began in 1907 with the establishment of the Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) at Sakchi (Jamshedpur).
Indian Iron and Steel Company (IISCO) started in West Bengal in 1919.
Mysore Iron and Steel Company started in Karnataka in 1923.
During the Second Five-Year Plan, three integrated projects were started: Bhilai (with Soviet Union help), Rourkela (Germany help), and Durgapur (Britain help).
These are managed by the Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL).
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Reasons for Iron and Steel Industry Growth in Odisha (MIQ):
Favorable geographical location, mineral, and water availability.
High-grade iron ore deposits in Keonjhar, Sundargarh, and Mayurbhanj districts.
Coal availability in the Talcher region.
Excellent railway network and highways connecting factories to major markets.
Long coastline and ports facilitating domestic and international trade.
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Factors Influencing Distribution of Manufacturing Industries (MIQ):
Geographical factors: Topography, weather, water, energy, raw materials.
Non-geographical factors: Capital, organization, market, government policies, transportation, availability of laborers.
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Pollution: The undesirable consequences on the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of air, water and soil.
Iron and steel industries contribute to economic growth but also cause social and environmental problems, with pollution being the main aftermath.
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Types of Pollution and Resource Problems (MIQ):
Air Pollution: Caused by toxic gases (SO2, CO2, CO, methane) from industries.
Water Pollution: Industrial wastewater and toxins contaminate water bodies, harming aquatic life and humans.
Soil Pollution: Industrial waste and e-waste alter the soil's natural structure, affecting agriculture.
Noise Pollution: Excessive noise negatively impacts physical and mental health.
Resource Depletion: Unscientific use of resources to increase production leads to depletion (e.g., deforestation, loss of soil fertility, depletion of water/minerals).
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Regional Inequality: Caused by unbalanced distribution of resources and inadequate basic facilities, leading to industrial concentration and differences in income/living standards.
Migration: Permanent or temporary movement of people to developed industrial areas for employment, increasing population density there.
Urbanisation: Increase in the size and population of cities due to migration and natural growth, resulting in socio-economic and environmental changes.
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Conservation of Resources: Ensuring resource availability for the future by avoiding over-exploitation through judicious use.
Objectives of Conservation: To conserve resources for future generations, maintain environmental balance, and minimize negative impacts on nature/humans.
Conservation Methods: Recycling, water conservation, energy conservation, forest conservation.
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Sustainable Development (MIQ):
Aims to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Achieved through balancing economic growth, environmental welfare, and the standard of living.
Methods: Recycling, reducing usage, and reusing resources.
The Sustainable Development Goals are 17 goals proposed by the UN in 2015 to be achieved by 2030.
Chapter 7: Media and Social Reflections
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Mass Media Definition: Refers to different forms of communication that can simultaneously reach many people. Examples: newspapers, magazines, radio, television, the Internet, and social media.
Media plays an important role in developing reading and writing skills and encouraging the sharing of thoughts.
Media accelerates social progress by promoting literacy programs and creating awareness.
The advancement of technology has led to the evolution from print media to digital media.
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Media Roles: Media are important for shaping social relations and ensuring interaction between individuals and society.
Classification of Media:
1. Print Media (Newspapers, magazines, books): Provide comprehensive news and features. Offer a reliable reading experience and can be stored. Communication is generally one-way (from print media to readers).
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2. Broadcast Media (Radio, Television): Convey ideas to a large number of people simultaneously.
Communication is possible only in one direction.
Interaction is limited due to the delay in recording feedback.
Broadcast media influences a large population and shapes public opinion.
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3. Digital Media (Websites, online news, blogs): Emerged with the advent of the Internet.
Brings live reports to the masses.
Leads to increased social interaction and opportunities to share and discuss content.
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4. Social Media: An integral part of modern life.
Online platforms that allow consumers to create, share, and interact with content (text, images, videos).
Facilitates interpersonal relationships and social gatherings through direct messaging and feedback.
Plays an important role in shaping public opinion and influencing cultural/political movements.
Traditional Media: Print and broadcast media (one-way communication, limited interaction).
New Media: Digital and social media (smooth two-way interaction).
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SCERT Q: Compare Traditional Media and New Media (MIQ):
Features
Traditional Media
New Media
Communication
One-way communication (sender to receiver only).
Two-way communication (between communicators and receivers).
Interaction
Interaction is limited.
High interaction and participation.
Form
Physical form (newspaper, radio, television).
Digital form (internet-enabled devices).
Availability
Not always available due to time and location limitations.
Available internationally without limitation of time and location.
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Impact of Media on Social Life:
1. Media & Socialisation: Socialisation is the process of learning how to live and behave in society.
Family, school, friends, and media help in socialisation.
Media influences personality development and transmits social values/attitudes across generations.
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2. Media and Public Opinion Formation (MIQ):
Media acts as an important tool in a democracy for forming public opinion and gaining consensus (e.g., during elections or policy deliberations).
In a democracy, the government considers public opinion before formulating new policies.
Misinformation: Programmes can be biased or reactionary. New media can spread inaccurate and unclear ideas (e.g., fake treatments during Covid-19).
Information Technology Act 2000 (IT Act 2000): Passed by Parliament to ensure strict legal action against cyber crimes and spreading false news.
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3. Media and Consumption Behaviour:
Media (through advertising and cookery shows) fuels the growth of the global economy and increases consumerism.
Advertisements strongly influence our consumption behavior.
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4. Media and Stereotypes (MIQ):
Stereotypes: Simple, generalized beliefs or ideas about individuals based on race, gender, culture, color, and the like.
Media (films, news, serials, advertisements, social media) shape and reflect social attitudes.
They play an important role in forming and maintaining stereotypes.
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5. Media and Social Interventions:
Media brings social problems to the public and speeds up solutions through various levels.
Media and Technology: Technology and media are intertwined; technology fuels media growth.
Technology leads to new media forms (social media, streaming services) and major changes in production, distribution, and consumption of information.
It increases accessibility and global communication.
Innovations like Artificial Intelligence (AI), big data, and algorithms are driving forces.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI): Simulation of human intelligence by computer systems, enabling machines to think and make decisions.
Big Data: Large data sets that are too complex to be handled by conventional processing software.
Algorithms: Step-by-step procedures/formulas used in AI and big data to analyze data, identify patterns, and make predictions.
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Digital Etiquette (MIQ):
Refers to the proper and respectful behavior that individuals should follow while interacting in digital spaces.
Guidelines: Respect others’ privacy; avoid abusive language; be careful of messages and when sharing posts.
Benefits: Promotes respectful communication; provides clarity; forms positive online communities; decreases cyber crimes; supports digital literacy.
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Media Literacy: The ability to access, analyze, evaluate, create, and communicate messages received through media. Helps in critically interpreting messages.
Digital Literacy: The ability to find and evaluate information in digital spaces and use digital tools effectively (includes basic computer skills, cyber awareness, evaluating online content).
Chapter 8: National Movement and Kerala
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European countries tried to seize princely states in Kerala. The British gained dominance in Kerala.
The Malabar region came under the direct rule of the English East India Company (EIC).
Kochi and Travancore were princely states under monarchy, accepting British supremacy.
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Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja: A member of the Kottayam royal family in Northern Malabar.
Reason for Conflict (MIQ): Pazhassi initially helped the British against Mysore rulers, expecting tax collection rights in Kottayam. After the Treaty of Srirangapatnam, the British transferred this right to Pazhassi’s loyal uncle, the Kurumbranadu king Veera Varma. Pazhassi protested by urging people not to pay taxes.
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Pazhassi’s Defensive Strategies:
Shifted his base to Wayanad.
Mobilized the local people.
Waged Guerrilla warfare.
Key Supporters: Kurichya leader Thalakkal Chandu, Nair Chief Edachena Kunkan, Kaitheri Ambu, Kannavath Sankaran, and Pallur Eman.
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British Counter-Measures:
Set up military camps at strategic places.
Built new roads.
Cut off rice supply to Wayanad.
Announced a reward for those who captured the participants in the rebellion.
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End of Pazhassi: Thomas Harvey Baber (Sub-Collector of Thalassery) killed Pazhassi's commanders and found his military bases.
Pazhassi attained a valiant death in an encounter with the Company’s army at Mavilamthode in Wayanad on November 30, 1805.
Srirangapatnam Treaty (1792): Signed between Tipu Sultan and the EIC, following which the British received Malabar and Coorg.
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Velu Thampi Dalawa: Prime Minister (Dalawa) of Balarama Varma Maharaja of Travancore.
Reason for Conflict: An agreement in 1805 ended Travancore’s political freedom; administration came under Macaulay, the British Resident. Macaulay cancelled Velu Thampi’s orders and insisted on immediate payment of tax arrears.
Velu Thampi secretly allied with Paliath Achan, the Prime Minister of Kochi.
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The joint forces attacked Macaulay’s camp in Kochi, but Macaulay escaped.
Kundara Proclamation (January 11, 1809) (MIQ): Velu Thampi issued this proclamation in Travancore, calling on the people and patriots to prepare for an armed struggle against the British dominance, warning that the kingdom would be destroyed if they continued.
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Velu Thampi committed suicide at Mannadi instead of surrendering when surrounded by the Company army.
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Paliath Achan (Kochi): Opposed the interference of British Resident Macaulay in the internal affairs of Kochi.
He joined Velu Thampi but was eventually exiled to Madras by the British.
Paliath Achan was the designation for the heads of the Nair family called Paliyam, who served as Chief of Ministers or Prime Minister of the Kochi kingdom.
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Kurichyar Rebellion (1812):
Kurichyar and Kurumbrar: Tribal groups in Wayanad who supported Pazhassi.
Reasons for Revolt (MIQ/SCERT Q):
The British seized the tribal people’s tracts of land.
They were not allowed to continue their traditional methods of farming.
The British demanded money instead of goods as tax.
Revolt Details: Led by Rama Nambi (Rama Mooppan). They attacked British army stationed at Sultan Bathery and Mananthavady. The rebellion was suppressed by the British bringing in more soldiers.
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Peasant Discontent/Mappila Riots: A series of rebellions broke out in Malabar in the nineteenth century.
Causes: British government’s tax policies, exploitation, and eviction by landlords (as per William Logan’s report).
The uprisings were often referred to as the ‘Mappila riots’ because most participants were Mappila farmers of South Malabar.
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Social Conditions in 19th and 20th Century Kerala: Characterized by lack of equality and equity, widespread superstitions and customs.
Social status was determined by caste.
Social evils included untouchability, unapproachability, travel bans, and ban on ‘Panthibhojanam’ (community dining).
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Vaikunta Swamikal: An early social reformer.
He performed the first ‘Kannadi Prathishta’ (mirror installation) in South India, challenging idol worship.
Movement: Samatva Samaj.
Kuriakose Elias Chavara: Established orphanages and schools for the underprivileged.
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Sree Narayana Guru (MIQ): Foremost reformer against superstitions and caste discrimination.
Proclaimed, ‘become enlightened through knowledge’.
Performed ‘Shiva prathishta’ at Aruvippuram, intended as a model for brotherhood without caste discrimination.
Movement: Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP).
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Chattampi Swamikal: Opposed the caste system and irrational customs.
Vakkom Abdul Khader Moulavi: Worked for the cultural renaissance of the Muslim community. Started the Swadeshabhimani newspaper to expose monarchy's vanity. Movement: Travancore Muslim Mahajana Sabha.
Poikayil Yohannan: Fought against casteism and slavery. Movement: Pratyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha.
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V. T. Bhattathiripad: Reformer of the Namboodiri community. Wrote the play Adukkalayil Ninnu Arangathekku. Movement: Yogakshema Sabha.
Ayyankali: Fought for the rights, self-respect, travel freedom, and education of oppressed sections.
Led the Villuvandi strike and the Kallumala strike.
Movement: Sadhujana Paripalana Sangham.
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Mannath Padmanabhan: Worked for the social and educational progress of the Nair community. Led struggles for civil rights. Movement: Nair Service Society.
Pandit K. P. Karuppan: Worked for the upliftment of the backward classes. Movement: Araya Samajam.
Vagbhatananda: Promoted critical thinking based on logic. Movement: Atmavidya Sangham.
Outcome: The activities of reformers led to the advancement of rights and educational progress, marking the Kerala Renaissance.
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Upper Cloth Agitation (MIQ):
Channar women of South Travancore did not have the right to wear upper cloth.
Riots occurred when they started wearing it with the support of Christian missionaries.
The Maharaja of Travancore, Uthram Thirunal Marthanda Varma, issued a decree on July 26, 1859, granting women the right to wear upper cloth.
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Vaikom Satyagraha (March 30, 1924) (MIQ):
A major struggle for the freedom of traveling.
Protested the ban on oppressed people walking on the approach roads of the Vaikom temple.
Leaders: T. K. Madhavan, K. Kelappan, K. P. Kesava Menon.
The struggle attracted national attention and ended with the mediation of Mahatma Gandhi.
All roads on three sides of the temple were opened to all Hindus on November 23, 1925.
Savarna Jatha: A procession organized from Vaikom to Thiruvananthapuram led by Mannath Padmanabhan to support the Vaikom Satyagraha.
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Guruvayur Satyagraha (November 1, 1931) (MIQ):
Demanded that all sections of Hindus be allowed to enter the Guruvayur temple.
Leaders: K. Kelappan and Mannath Padmanabhan.
Volunteers A. K. Gopalan and P. Krishna Pillai were brutally beaten.
K. Kelappan began a ‘fast unto death’ (ended on Gandhiji's instructions).
The Satyagraha helped create a favorable atmosphere for temple entry.
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Temple Entry Proclamation (November 12, 1936): Issued by Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma, the ruler of Travancore, opening temples to all Hindus. Gandhiji called this a ‘miracle of modern times’.
Paliyam Satyagraha (1947-48): Another protest in Kerala for the abolition of untouchability.
Protested the ban on marginalized sections walking on the road in front of Paliath Achan's residence in Kochi.
Restrictions were lifted in 1948 when all temples in Kochi were opened.
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National Movement in Malabar: More active than in Kochi or Travancore.
Propelled by the formation of the Malabar District Congress Committee and the activities of the Home Rule League.
Strong support for the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements.
Action included boycotting foreign goods, courts, schools.
Salt Satyagraha: Center in Kerala was Payyannur, led by K. Kelappan.
Muhammed Abdur Rahman led law violation on the Kozhikode beach.
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Malabar Rebellion (1921) (MIQ):
An anti-British and anti-landlord movement.
The existing tenant movement merged with the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat movements.
Spread to Eranad, Valluvanad, and Ponnani.
Leaders: Ali Musliyar, Variyankunnath Kunjahammed Haji, and M. P. Narayana Menon.
Wagon Massacre: A tragic incident where many prisoners transported in a goods train died from suffocation.
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Quit India Movement (August 9, 1942): Became a violent movement after prominent leaders were arrested. People of Kerala actively participated.
Keezhariyur Bomb Case: Protesters manufactured bombs (aimed to frighten the British without causing casualties). Dr. K. B Menon and others were imprisoned.
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Kochi: Initial protests were for good governance, later for political rights.
Electricity Strike (1936): Popular uprising against the Diwan R. K. Shanmukham Chetty’s decision to privatize Thrissur electricity supply.
Kochi Rajya Praja Mandal (1941): Formed to achieve responsible government. Leaders: Ikkanda Warrier, Panampilly Govinda Menon.
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Travancore Early Movements:
Malayali Memorial (January 1, 1891): Petition demanding adequate representation of Travancore people in government jobs. Leader: G. P. Pillai.
Ezhava Memorial (September 3, 1896): Petition demanding adequate representation of the Ezhava community in government service. Leader: Dr. P. Palpu.
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Abstention Movement (Nivarthanam) (1932): A powerful political agitation demanding proportional representation in government jobs and the Legislative Assembly.
Jointly led by Christian, Muslim, and Ezhava communities. Leaders: C. Kesavan, N. V. Joseph, and P. K. Kunju.
Travancore State Congress: Carried out activities for responsible government. First president: Pattom Thanu Pillai.
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Congress Socialist Party (1934): Formed within the Indian National Congress in Kozhikode by members interested in socialist ideas. Leaders: P. Krishna Pillai, E. M. Sankaran Namboothiripad, and A. K. Gopalan.
Punnapra-Vayalar Struggle (1946): Against the tyranny of Diwan C. P. Ramaswamy Iyer and for the establishment of responsible government. Led by the Communist Party (farmers and workers).
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Women’s Movement: Women actively participated in Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience (salt production, boycotting foreign clothes, weaving khadi).
Prominent leaders: A. V. Kuttimalu Amma and Ammu Swaminathan (Malabar); Akkamma Cheriyan and Annie Mascarene (Travancore).
C. Kunjikkavamma was elected President of the Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee in 1938.
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Aikya Kerala Movement: Aimed to unite Travancore, Kochi, Malabar, and Mayyazhi as a self-governing unit for Malayalam speakers.
Key Events:
1921: All Kerala Provincial Conference held at Ottapalam.
1928: Payyannur Congress Conference (Chaired by Nehru) demanded Kerala be reorganized as a separate state based on language.
Merging of Travancore and Kochi to form Thiru-Kochi (July 1, 1949).
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Formation of Kerala State (MIQ):
Based on the recommendations of the Fazal Ali Commission.
Kerala came into existence on November 1, 1956.
Formed by merging Malabar and Thiru-Kochi.
The taluk of Kasaragod (from South Karnataka) was added.
The first ministry, under the leadership of E. M. S. Namboodiripad, assumed power on April 5, 1957.
Chapter 9: Democracy: Meaning and Scope
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What Is Democracy? Democracy is both a system of government and a value system.
It is built on values like Liberty, Equality, Justice, and Rights.
Democratic governments are limited by the constitution. Modern democracy is also called Constitutionalism.
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Greece: The Birthplace of Democracy: Origin traced to ancient Greek city-states, especially Athens.
The word 'democracy' is derived from Greek words 'Demos' (people) and 'Kratos' (power).
Direct Democracy: A system where the people directly participate in governance and law-making.
Limitation: Slaves and women did not participate in the democratic system in Athens.
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Devices of Direct Democracy (MIQ):
Referendum: Laws passed by the legislature are submitted to the people for approval through voting.
Plebiscite: A method used to ascertain the will of the people on very important public issues.
Initiative: A way for people to directly intervene in law-making by submitting a draft or complete version of the law they desire to the legislature.
Recall: The process of removing elected representatives from office when their performance is unsatisfactory (implemented by a written request from voters).
Switzerland is a country where direct democratic devices exist.
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Indirect Democracy/Representative Democracy: A system where the people elect their representatives to govern.
Began in Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
Its growth was linked to the rise of the British parliament.
French Revolutionary ideals (Liberty, Equality, Fraternity) contributed greatly to its values.
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Two Models of Democratic Governance: Parliamentary System and Presidential System.
Features of the Parliamentary System (MIQ):
The executive branch is controlled by the legislature.
The head of the state (King/President) has nominal powers.
The head of government is the Prime Minister (leader of the majority party).
The council of ministers is collectively responsible to the legislature.
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Features of the Presidential System (MIQ):
The executive branch and the legislature are separate.
The President serves as both the head of state and the head of government.
All executive powers are vested in the President.
The President is directly elected by the people.
The President is not accountable to the legislature.
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Basic Factors of a Democratic System:
Freedom (Liberty): Essential for democracy. Defined as the absence of external restrictions. Also means the opportunity to develop individual capabilities.
Important freedoms: move, organize, assemble, express. Freedom to express is the foundation of democracy.
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Collective Responsibility: In the Parliamentary System, the council of ministers is collectively responsible for the decisions taken by each minister.
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J. S. Mill’s Idea: He argued that no idea is completely wrong; prohibiting an idea means losing the element of truth it might contain.
Freedom and Restrictions: Freedom is meaningful only if there are restrictions (instructions and rules) that prevent individuals from intruding upon another person's freedom.
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Equality: A crucial democratic value.
It means viewing all people as unique and valuable, regardless of discrimination based on religion, color, gender, race, etc.
It is the essence behind universal human rights.
Equality does not require treating everyone the same way in all situations (e.g., recognizing talent with an award is not inequality).
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Three Dimensions of Equality (MIQ):
Political Equality: Right to vote, contest elections, hold public office.
Social Equality: Non-discrimination, equal status, equal opportunities.
Economic Equality: Right to work, equal pay for equal work, right to leisure.
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Three Principles of Justice (Equality):
Equal Treatment for Equals: All individuals deserve equal rights and equal consideration.
Proportionate Justice: Justice should be proportionate to the ability and contribution of each person.
Recognition of Special Needs: In unequal societies, special rights (like reservation) must be granted for backward sections to achieve equality.
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Justice: Giving equal and due consideration to all individuals as human beings.
Rights: Essential conditions for leading a dignified and meaningful life. Only legally recognized claims are considered rights.
Natural Rights: Rights believed to originate before the formation of the state (e.g., freedom, property, life).
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Different Types of Rights (MIQ):
Political Rights: Right to vote, contest elections, hold public office, criticize the government.
Civil Rights: Equality before the law, right to a free/fair trial, freedom of expression, right to assemble/organize.
Economic Rights: Right to work, minimum wages, equal rights over state resources.
Cultural Rights: Right to preserve language/script, educate in the mother tongue, preserve cultural heritage.
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Rule of Law: A basic value of democracy.
Essence: Everyone is equal before the law and receives equal legal protection.
General laws apply equally to everyone; there are no special laws for any group.
Government duties must be fulfilled only through legal processes.
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Constitutionalism: All modern democratic systems work according to the constitution.
The constitution defines the state's authority and citizens' rights.
It sets limits on government interference with fundamental rights.
Separation of Powers: The division of powers among the legislature, executive, and judiciary.
These branches remain independent but check the activities of the others.
Concentration of all power in one branch leads to tyranny.
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Election and Representation: Modern democracy is indirect; representatives rule for the people.
Elections must be free, fair, and held at regular intervals.
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Secularism (MIQ): The basis is a clear separation between the state and religion.
The state does not have an official religion and treats all religions equally.
Citizens have the freedom to believe in any religion they wish.
Provides equal justice and rights along with freedom of belief.
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Political Parties: An essential element in modern democracy.
They create political awareness and shape public opinion.
Their aim is to win elections and gain political power.
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Opposition (MIQ): Plays an important role in a democratic system.
Must have the freedom to criticize and evaluate the government.
Constructive opposition examines activities, criticizes wrong policies, and suggests alternatives.
Makes democracy more dynamic. A system that restricts the opposition is not healthy for democracy.
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Non-Democratic Governments (MIQ):
Monarchy: Power transferred by inheritance; all power vested in the king/queen.
Dictatorship: All powers concentrated in one person; questions/criticism are banned.
Military Dictatorship: The military rules directly; no democratic rights; protests suppressed by force.
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Party Dictatorship: Only one political party governs; democratic values are prohibited.
Theocratic State: Clergy rules according to religious laws; legal system based on official religion; citizens must follow the official religion.
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Indian Democracy: The largest democratic country in the world.
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Why India Adopted Democracy (MIQ/SCERT Q):
Democratic values influenced the freedom struggle.
Only democracy could politically unify a region with great cultural and geographical diversity.
Provides a platform for different ideas to interact.
Ensures peaceful transfer of power between governments.
Provides an opportunity for people to register their grievances and protests.
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Parliamentary System in India: Adopted this system.
Parliament has two houses: Rajya Sabha (upper) and Lok Sabha (lower).
The majority party/coalition in the Lok Sabha forms the council of ministers.
The President is the nominal head; real powers are exercised by the council of ministers led by the PM.
The council of ministers has collective responsibility to Parliament.
Parliament controls the executive using methods like No-confidence Motion, Question Hour, and Zero Hour.
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Universal Adult Franchise in India:
Article 326 grants all citizens the right to vote, regardless of caste, religion, gender, or class.
The voting age was initially 21, but was reduced to 18 by the 61st Constitutional Amendment (1989).
Jawaharlal Nehru insisted all citizens should have the right to vote despite opposition regarding high illiteracy.
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National Election Commission: A constitutional institution responsible for conducting free and fair elections (for President, VP, Parliament, state legislatures).
No-Confidence Motion: A motion in the Lok Sabha expressing lack of confidence in the current council of ministers; if passed, the government loses power.
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Elected Government: Term is five years. All citizens can contest elections.
Independent Judiciary and Judicial Review: The judicial system is independent (Supreme Court, High Court, lower courts).
Judges have a fixed tenure to ensure independence.
The court is the guardian of the Constitution.
Judicial Review: The court's power to annul (declare invalid) the unconstitutional acts of the executive and the legislature.
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Party System in India: India has a multi-party system.
The coalition system, where more than one party joins to form the government, was introduced after the 1989 elections.
Pluralism: India accommodates diverse religious, ethnic, and cultural groups, unlike European nation-states (which aimed for 'one culture, one nation').
India adopted a Federal System (constitutional division of powers between center/states).
Rights of minorities are protected in Fundamental Rights. 22 languages are included in the 8th Schedule.
India is a secular state, treating all religions equally.
Chapter 10: Europe on the World Map
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Basic Information: Europe is the sixth largest continent.
Area is approximately 1,03,55,000 square kilometers, about 7% of the world’s area.
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Europe is seen as a western extension of Asia. The vast landmass including both is called Eurasia.
Europe was considered the center of the world by Greek and Roman scholars.
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Largest Country: Russia (only 25% of its land area is in Europe, known as European Russia).
Moscow and St. Petersburg are located in European Russia.
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Location and Boundaries (MIQ):
North: Arctic Ocean.
West: Atlantic Ocean.
South: Mediterranean Sea.
East (separating it from Asia): Ural Mountains, Black Sea, and Caspian Sea.
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Geographical Features: Europe has a diverse topography, classified into four systems: North Western Highlands, Central Uplands, North European Plains, Alpine Mountain system.
North Western Highlands: Includes high hills and the Scandinavian Plateau (Norway, Sweden, Finland).
Characterized by hills formed by long-term glaciation and weathering.
Fjords: Glacial valleys found on the Scandinavian coast. They are rich in fish because planktons grow abundantly where warm and cold water currents meet.
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North European Plains (Great European Plain): Located south of the North Western Highlands.
Extends from the Ural Mountains (east) to the Atlantic Ocean (west).
Very suitable for agriculture. Formed by glacial and alluvium deposits from major rivers (Volga, Don, Dnieper).
Volga: The longest river in Europe.
Steppes: The most widespread grassland in this plain.
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Central Uplands: Located south of the North European Plain.
Area of small hills, valleys, and plateaus (Ireland to Russia).
Rivers: Rhine and Rhone.
Major Landforms of Central Uplands: Rhine Valley (France), Ardennes Mountains (Belgium), Black Forest Mountains (Germany), Maseta Plateau (Spain), Bohemian Plateau (Czech Republic).
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Alpine Mountain System (MIQ): A series of fold mountains located south of the Central Uplands.
Extends from the Atlantic Ocean to the Caspian Sea.
Main ranges: Alps, Caucasus, and Carpathians.
Mount Elbrus (in the Caucasus Mountains) is the highest peak in Europe.
Fold Mountains: Mountains formed by the folding of rock layers where tectonic plates collide (e.g., The Himalayas).
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Climate: Generally characterized by mild summers and relatively severe winters, with regional variations.
Europe is the only continent in the world without a desert.
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Climatic Regions and Characteristics (MIQ):
Arctic/Tundra Climate: Experienced in Arctic Europe. Short, cold summers (up to 10°C); long, harsh winters (-25°C to -40°C). 5 to 6 months without sunlight in winter.
Vegetation: Only shrubs, lichens, and mosses grow.
Wildlife: Wolf, reindeer, polar bear, Arctic hare.
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Subarctic/Taiga Climate: South of the Tundra region. Mild summers, harsh winters (below 0°C for 5–7 months). Precipitation mainly snow.
Vegetation: Evergreen forests with coniferous trees (pine, cedar).
Wildlife: Lynx, ermine, silver fox.
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Eastern European Climate: Eastern parts of Europe. Severe summers and extreme winters.
Vegetation: Sparse (Steppes grassland) due to scanty rainfall/intense heat.
Wildlife: Antelope, wolf, and horse.
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Western European Climate: NW European countries (Britain, Netherlands, W. France, etc.).
Features: Severe winter, moderate heat, and rainfall throughout the year. Influenced by the Atlantic Ocean.
Vegetation: Deciduous trees (beech, elm, oak, ash).
Wildlife: Squirrel, fox, hare, deer, and wolf.
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Mediterranean Climate: Experienced around the Mediterranean Sea (Spain, Italy, Greece, etc.).
Features: Hot, dry summers and cold, rainy winters.
Vegetation: Rosemary, lavender, olive, pine, orange, grape, fig.
Viticulture: Scientific grape cultivation, an important economic activity.
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Population: Europe is the third most populous continent.
Most populous countries: Russia, Germany, UK, France, and Italy.
Population density is low in Scandinavian countries (Norway, Sweden, Finland) due to harsh geography/climate; most people live in coastal cities in the South.
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European Union (EU): Formed in 1993, initiated in 1957. Aimed for economic unity; later focused on social, cultural, and political areas. Won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2012.
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Agricultural Methods (MIQ):
Intensive Farming: Increases production using advanced technology in densely populated areas.
Extensive Farming: Mechanised grain farming on large areas (practised in steppes). Main crop is wheat.
Mixed Farming: Raising livestock along with crops (mainly Central and Western Europe).
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Fishing: A major occupation in countries bordered by the North Sea, North Atlantic, and Arctic Ocean (Norway, Denmark, Poland).
Major areas: Great Fisher Bank and Dogger Bank.
Industry: Europe became developed after the Industrial Revolution. Famous for iron/steel, textile, and vehicle manufacturing (e.g., Audi, BMW, Volvo).
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Important Cities (MIQ):
Paris: Capital of France, on the Seine River. Most visited tourist place.
London: Capital of England/UK, on the Thames River.
Berlin: Capital of Germany, on the Spree River.
Moscow: Capital of Russia, on the Moskva River.
Rome: Capital of Italy, on the Tiber River. Contains the Colosseum.
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Finland (Land of a Thousand Lakes): Home to over 100,000 lakes.
Climate is Arctic and subarctic (extreme cold/snowfall).
Major populated areas are adjacent to the sea.
The country's main energy source is hydroelectricity.
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Land of Happiness: Finland topped the United Nations World Happiness Index seven consecutive times (2024).
Happiness Index Factors: Per Capita Income, social support, healthy life expectancy, freedom, generosity, and corruption.
Scandinavian countries rank highly on the Happiness Index and Human Development Index.
