SSLC Second Term Notes

 👉Malayalam

Chapter 6: Mass Movement for Freedom

The chapter details the evolution of the Indian freedom struggle under Mahatma Gandhi's leadership, starting from 1919.

Page 111: Introduction and Context

  • Justice C. N. Broomfield found it difficult to determine a just sentence for Mahatma Gandhi.
  • Gandhi was viewed by millions of his countrymen as a great patriot and a great leader.
  • Even those who differed politically respected him as a man of high ideals and a saintly life.
  • Gandhi was sentenced to six years imprisonment.
  • The judge added that he would be pleased if the government reduced the term later.
  • Mahatma Gandhi transformed India’s freedom struggle into a mass movement.

Page 111-112: Gandhi's Leadership

  • After Gandhi became the leader, various sections of society, including peasants, workers, women, and students, actively participated.
  • Gandhiji believed the British Empire could only be fought with the support of various sections of Indian society.
  • He successfully united everyone under a single umbrella and assimilated among them.

Page 112: The Political Training Ground

  • South Africa served as the political training ground that shaped Mahatma Gandhi.
  • He spent twenty years in South Africa.
  • He led a struggle there against racial discrimination faced by Asians and coloured people.
  • It was in South Africa that Gandhiji developed his philosophy of Satyagraha, a form of struggle based on non-violence.
  • Gandhiji returned to India in 1915.

Page 113: From Champaran to Kheda

  • Upon returning to India, Gandhi focused on local movements.
  • Champaran (Bihar, 1917): He intervened in issues of indigo cultivators who were exploited by European planters.
  • The British administration appointed a commission, including Gandhiji, which subsequently resolved the peasants' issues.

Page 114: Ahmedabad and Kheda Struggles

  • Ahmedabad (Gujarat, 1918): Gandhiji participated in the struggle of textile mill workers demanding a wage hike.
  • Gandhiji went on a fast, leading to an increase in workers' wages.
  • Kheda (Gujarat, 1918): He fought for peasants unable to pay tax due to natural calamities.
  • The movement demanded tax remission, and the government eventually agreed to grant remission to cultivators who had lost their yield.

Page 115: Rise of a New Leader

  • These three early movements established Mahatma Gandhi as a new national leader.
  • Indians became familiar with his political ideology and his non-violent Satyagraha through these movements.

Page 116: India and the First World War

  • World War I (1914 - 1918) had severe economic impacts on India.
  • Impacts included:
    • Additional wartime taxes were levied.
    • Huge exports of food grains caused severe food shortage.
    • Crop losses and epidemics caused famine deaths.
  • Gandhiji assumed leadership against this backdrop of hardship.

Page 117: Resistance to British Repression

  • The British government implemented the Rowlatt Act of 1919 to repress the freedom movement.
  • Provisions of the Rowlatt Act:
    • Anyone could be arrested without a warrant.
    • Anyone could be jailed without trial (curtailed fundamental rights).
  • Gandhiji protested this law by calling for a national hartal on April 6, 1919.
  • A ‘Satyagraha Sabha’ was formed to publicize the movement.
  • Gandhiji described the massive popular hartal as the ‘most wonderful spectacle’.

Page 118: Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

  • The anti-Rowlatt agitation was strong in Punjab and Lahore.
  • Popular leaders Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew were arrested.
  • Martial law was declared in Amritsar.
  • April 13, 1919: People gathered at Jallianwala Bagh for a public meeting to protest the arrests.
  • General Reginald Dyer ordered police to open fire without warning on the crowd trapped inside the ground (which had only one entrance).
  • Official records stated 379 people were killed during the 10-minute firing, though actual casualties were likely much higher.

Page 119: Towards a Mass Movement

  • The anti-Rowlatt agitation was a turning point, though initially strongest in urban areas.
  • Gandhiji understood that extending the movement to rural areas and achieving Hindu-Muslim unity was essential.
  • To achieve unity, he took up the Khilafat issue.
  • The Khilafat movement in India was led by brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.

Page 120: A Fight through Non-Cooperation

  • A non-violent, non-cooperation movement was launched under the joint leadership of the Khilafat Committee and the Indian National Congress.
  • Khilafat Context: The movement aimed to restore the powers of the Caliph (Khalifa) of Turkey, which were curtailed by the Treaty of Sevres after World War I.
  • Methods of Non-Cooperation (Boycott/Resistance):
    • Returning titles and honours granted by the British.
    • Resigning from government jobs.
    • Advocates boycotting British courts.
    • Students boycotting British-run schools.
    • Boycotting foreign goods.
    • Boycotting legislative assemblies.

Page 122: Constructive Programs and Popularity

  • Constructive Programs: Strengthening social harmony, promoting national products, popularising khadi, and establishing national schools.
  • Gandhiji and the Ali brothers toured the country, raising awareness that the freedom movement belonged to ordinary citizens.
  • The movement gained widespread popularity in both rural and urban areas.

Page 123: Hind Swaraj and Women's Participation

  • Hind Swaraj (1909): A book by Gandhiji explaining that British rule existed due to Indian cooperation. If cooperation ceased, British rule would end, and Swaraj (self-rule) would be achieved.
  • Women's Participation: Boycotted foreign goods and participated in collecting and burning foreign clothes.

Page 124: Workers, Students, and Tribal People

  • Workers: Responded actively by going on strike (e.g., Buckingham Carnatic Mills, Assam plantation labourers, Assam-Bengal Railway).
  • Students: Boycotted government institutions and enrolled in national institutions founded during this time, such as the Kashi Vidyapeeth, Gujarat Vidyapeeth, and Jamia Millia Islamia.
  • Tribal People: Participated by defying British-imposed forest laws that restricted access to resources.

Page 125: Peasants and Chauri Chaura

  • Peasants: Participated in large numbers. The ‘Awadh Kisan Sabha’ was formed under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru.
  • Peasants in Bengal boycotted jute cultivation and grew rice and cotton instead.
  • Chauri Chaura Incident (February 5, 1922, Uttar Pradesh): An enraged mob set a police station on fire, killing 22 policemen.
  • Gandhiji immediately decided to stop the Non-Cooperation Movement, as the agitation violated the principle of non-violence.
  • The decision surprised other leaders; Subhas Chandra Bose later called it a “national calamity”.

Page 126: Objectives of Jute Boycott

  • The decision to grow rice and cotton instead of jute had three main objectives:
    1. To force British owners to close down their jute mills by curtailing the supply.
    2. To ensure food security by expanding rice cultivation.
    3. To increase the use of khadi by making cotton available.
  • Chirala Perala: A struggle in Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, where 15,000 people protested an intended increase in taxes by refusing to pay and leaving the town for eleven months.

Page 127: Swaraj Party

  • After the Chauri Chaura incident, Gandhiji was arrested and sentenced to six years imprisonment.
  • Leaders such as C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru opposed the boycott of legislative assemblies.
  • They formed the Swaraj Party in 1923 as a faction within the Congress.
  • Their aim was to utilize the legislative assemblies as forums to voice political dissent.

Page 128: Continuing Popular Agitations

  • The Swaraj Party successfully exposed the government's anti-public policies in the assemblies.
  • The enthusiasm from the Non-Cooperation Movement persisted, leading to continued anti-British protests.
  • Rampa Rebellion (Andhra Pradesh): A tribal movement led by Alluri Sitarama Raju.
  • The tribals were driven to agitation by British forest laws (restricting grazing rights) and exploitation by moneylenders.

Page 129: Rampa Suppression and Youth Movement

  • The rebellion controlled around 2,500 square miles but was suppressed by military units (including the Malabar Special Police). Alluri Sitarama Raju was killed.
  • Student and youth movements gained momentum, demanding complete independence.
  • Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose traveled across the country addressing young activists.

Page 130-131: Simon Commission and Constitutional Reforms

  • The British government appointed the Simon Commission, led by Sir John Simon, to recommend constitutional reforms.
  • The commission had seven members, all of whom were British.
  • The Congress and other parties decided to boycott the commission.
  • A countrywide hartal was observed on its arrival (February 3, 1928) with the slogan "Simon Go Back".
  • Lala Lajpat Rai was severely injured in a lathi charge in Lahore and later succumbed to his injuries.
  • Nehru Committee Report: Prepared by a committee led by Motilal Nehru in Pune to counter the British claim that Indians were incapable of framing reforms. This report played a significant role in shaping the Constitution of India.

Page 132: Bardoli Peasants Movement

  • Bardoli (Gujarat, 1928): A significant peasant movement led by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (with Abbas Tyabji and Vithalbhai Patel).
  • The main cause was the increase in tax.
  • Peasants refused to pay, and the government seized their property.
  • The movement was successful when the government revoked the increased tax.

Page 134: Lahore Congress: The Turning Point

  • The annual session of the Congress in Lahore (December 1929) was a milestone in the freedom struggle.
  • Key Decisions:
    • The Congress demanded complete independence (Purna Swaraj) for the first time.
    • Gandhiji was entrusted with the responsibility to launch a mass movement to achieve this goal.
    • The tricolour flag was formally adopted.

Page 135: The Sea Roar at Dandi

  • Gandhiji decided to begin the mass movement by breaking the salt law to ensure participation from all sections of society.
  • The movement was hinted at in a letter sent by Gandhi to Viceroy Lord Irwin.
  • Gandhiji, along with 78 selected volunteers, marched for 24 days to Dandi Beach in Gujarat.

Page 137: Civil Disobedience Movement

  • On April 6, 1930, Gandhiji initiated the Civil Disobedience Movement by making salt on Dandi beach.
  • Why Salt? Salt making was a government monopoly, and private production was illegal. Salt was essential for people and livestock. Gandhiji called the monopoly an ‘iniquitous monopoly’.
  • Dharasana Struggle (May 21, 1930): Protesters led by Sarojini Naidu and Imam Saheb at the Salt Works. American journalist Webb Miller witnessed the brutal lathi-charge by police on non-violent groups.
  • The public participation in Civil Disobedience surpassed that of the earlier Non-Cooperation Movement.
  • Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, known as the ‘Frontier Gandhi’, led the movement in Northwestern India with his volunteer force, the Khudai Khidmatgar.

Page 140-141: Participation in Civil Disobedience

  • Peasants: Refused to pay tax to the government and rent to landlords.
  • Labourers: Participated in strikes in railways, ports, and mines (e.g., Sholapur).
  • Tribal People: Defied forest laws by going into the forests to collect resources.
  • Traders and Industrialists: Refused to buy or sell imported products.
  • Women: Participated actively in salt making and picketing shops selling foreign goods.
  • Rani Gaidinliu was a valiant female freedom fighter from Northeast India who was arrested during the movement.

Page 141-142: Peace Talks and Pact

  • The movement convinced the British to transfer some power. Round Table Conferences were held in London. Congress boycotted the first and third.
  • Gandhi-Irwin Pact (March 5, 1931): Signed to end the Civil Disobedience Movement.
    • The Civil Disobedience Movement was suspended.
    • Gandhiji participated in the Second Round Table Conference.
  • The Second Round Table Conference ended unsuccessfully.

Page 142-144: The Path of Armed Struggle

  • Young revolutionaries adopted the path of armed revolution due to the Russian Revolution's success and the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
  • Hindustan Republican Association (HRA, 1924): Formed by revolutionaries.
  • Kakori Incident (August 9, 1925): Revolutionaries robbed railway funds at Kakori (UP) to finance activities. Leaders like Ram Prasad Bismil were sentenced to death.
  • Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA, 1928): Founded under the leadership of Bhagat Singh.
  • Major Actions: Shot police officer Saunders (who caused Lala Lajpat Rai's death). Threw a bomb into the Central Legislative Assembly Hall.
  • Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev were executed on March 23, 1931.
  • Chittagong armoury looting (led by Surya Sen) was a prominent act in Bengal.
  • Women revolutionaries: Pritilata Waddedar, Kalpana Dutt, and Bina Das.

Page 145: Congress Socialist Party (CSP)

  • Formed by members within the Congress who were inclined towards socialist ideas.
  • The spread of socialist ideas and the success of the Russian Revolution led to its formation.
  • First Secretary: Jayaprakash Narayan.
  • Aim: To establish a socialist society by countering capitalism and landlordism.

Page 147-149: Peasant Movements

  • Peasants faced hardships like excessive taxation, exploitation by landlords, and eviction.
  • Farmers formed "kisan sabhas" in the 1920s.
  • All India Kisan Sabha was formed in 1936.
  • Tebhaga Movement (1946-47, Bengal): Led by All India Kisan Sabha against landlords (Jotedars). Peasants demanded two-thirds share of the crop ('Tebhaga Chai').
  • Eka Movement (Awadh, UP) and Telangana Movement (Andhra) were other prominent uprisings.
  • Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay was active in the CSP, serving as president.

Page 150-151: Labourers Getting Organised

  • The modern working class emerged with modern industries.
  • Issues faced: low wages, excessive working hours, and exploitation of women/child labourers.
  • All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC): The first national labor organization.
  • RIN Mutiny (February 1946): Sailors of the Royal Indian Navy revolted in Bombay. Mutineers hoisted flags of the Congress, Communist Party, and Muslim League.

Page 152-153: Quit India Movement

  • Failure of the Cripps Mission led to the final mass movement led by Gandhiji.
  • Gandhiji gave the mantra: "Do or Die" (August 8, 1942, Mumbai).
  • The movement spread even though leaders were imprisoned.
  • Targets: Post offices, telegraph offices, and railway stations.
  • Leaders who led from hiding: Jayaprakash Narayan, Ram Manohar Lohia, Aruna Asaf Ali, and Sucheta Kripalani.
  • Activists communicated through Congress Radio, operating secretly from Bombay.

Page 154: Aftermath of Quit India

  • Gandhiji did not condemn the violence, alleging it was caused by government brutality.
  • Temporary/Parallel Governments were established:
    • Ballia (Uttar Pradesh): Under Chittu Pandey.
    • Satara (Maharashtra): Under Nana Patil (lasted until 1945).
    • Tamluk (Bengal): Lasted a year, effectively allocating funds for schools and courts.
  • The movement made freedom an urgent goal.

Page 156-158: Subhas Chandra Bose and INA

  • Subhas Chandra Bose resigned from the Congress (due to differences with Gandhi) and formed the Forward Bloc party.
  • During WWII, he reached Singapore and took over the leadership of the Indian National Army (INA).
  • He broadcast the words “Delhi Chalo” over Azad Hind Radio (July 6, 1944).
  • The INA included a women’s unit called the 'Rani Jhansi Regiment', led by Captain Lakshmi Sahgal (a Malayali).
  • The trial of INA soldiers (like Colonel Prem Sahgal) at the Red Fort generated widespread protests and challenged the British government post-WWII.

Page 159-161: Towards Freedom

  • World War II and changed global circumstances accelerated independence.
  • Cabinet Mission (March 1946): Members were Stafford Cripps, Pethick Lawrence, and A. V. Alexander.
    • Proposals: Formation of an interim government and establishment of a Constituent Assembly.
  • Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947): Proposed partitioning the country into India and Pakistan, and granting them independence.
  • Indian Independence: Gained on August 15, 1947, according to the Indian Independence Act. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister.
  • The movement upheld values such as Nonviolence, democracy, national unity, secularism, pluralism, social justice, and economic self-sufficiency.

Chapter 7: The Glimpses of Free India

This chapter focuses on the challenges, policies, and achievements of India immediately following independence in 1947.

Page 131: Introduction and Context

  • India's first Independence Day (August 15, 1947) was filled with both joy and sorrow.
  • Sorrow arose because the country was divided into two separate nations: India and Pakistan.

Page 132-133: India After Partition

  • Cyril Radcliffe was assigned the task of drawing the detailed boundary map for the partition. This line is known as the Radcliffe Line.
  • Although most British Indian territories remained with India, only Bengal and Punjab were divided.
  • West Bengal and East Punjab remained with India; East Bengal became East Pakistan, and West Punjab became part of Pakistan.
  • Sylhet joined East Pakistan following a referendum in Assam.
  • Migration: A massive exodus of Hindus/Sikhs took place from West Punjab to India, and Muslims from Indian Punjab moved to Pakistan.
  • Migration in Bengal was less massive due to: secular nationalism developed against the 1905 Partition of Bengal, linguistic unity, and the Brahmaputra river hindering sudden movement.

Page 135-136: Partition Trauma and Gandhi's Martyrdom

  • The partition led to immense suffering, including hundreds of thousands of refugees flowing across borders, widespread violence, and communal riots (Kolkata, Delhi, Lahore).
  • Mahatma Gandhi was shot dead by Nathuram Vinayak Godse (a communalist) on January 30, 1948, at Birla House, New Delhi. Gandhi had strived for Hindu-Muslim unity.

Page 137: Challenges Faced by Independent India

  • India, suffering from the effects of colonization, faced significant challenges:
    • Rehabilitation of refugees.
    • Integration of princely states.
    • Incorporation of Portuguese and French territories.
    • Reorganisation of states on a linguistic basis.
    • Strengthening the Indian economy.
    • Formulating an independent foreign policy.

Page 137: Steps to Constitution

  • The Constituent Assembly began functioning on December 13, 1946.
  • The Constitution was approved on November 26, 1949, and came into force on January 26, 1950 (India became a Sovereign Democratic Republic).
  • A parliamentary democratic system was established based on the first general elections (1951-1952).

Page 137: Rehabilitation of Refugees

  • More than six million people became refugees in India following Partition.
  • The refugee crisis from West Pakistan was resolved by 1951.
  • The continuous influx from East Pakistan was temporarily resolved with the formation of Bangladesh in 1971.

Page 138: Integration of Princely States

  • The 565 princely states had the option to join India, Pakistan, or remain independent.
  • This mission was accomplished by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (Home Minister) and V. P. Menon (Secretary of the States Department).
  • Rulers were persuaded to sign the Instrument of Accession.
  • Princely states that refused (Junagadh, Kashmir, Travancore, Hyderabad) were integrated via conciliation talks and military action.
  • Rulers who acceded were granted Privy Purses (financial aid). The Privy Purse was abolished in 1971 (26th Amendment).

Page 139: Liberation of Foreign Enclaves

  • France agreed to leave India in 1954 (Pondicherry, Mahe, Yanam, Karaikal, Chandranagar).
  • The Portuguese refused to cede Goa, Daman, and Diu.
  • Portuguese dominance ended in Dadra and Nagar Haveli following a popular uprising in 1954.
  • Goa, Daman, and Diu were liberated through a military operation and merged with the Indian Union in 1961.

Page 140-142: Linguistic Reorganisation of States

  • During the freedom struggle, the demand for language-based administrative regions gained strength.
  • The Nagpur Congress session (1920) decided to organize Congress committees on a linguistic basis.
  • Linguistic Provinces Commission (1948): Under S. K. Dhar.
  • J.V.P. Committee (1948): Comprising Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, and Pattabhi Sitaramayya.
  • Andhra State: Formed on October 1, 1953, for Telugu speakers, following the death of Potti Sreeramulu (hunger strike).
  • State Reorganisation Commission (1953): Appointed under the leadership of Justice Fazal Ali.
  • Based on the State Reorganisation Bill (1956), 14 linguistic states and 6 Union Territories were formed on November 1, 1956.

Page 143-145: Strengthening the Indian Economy

  • India adopted a mixed economy model, giving importance to the public sector, based on the economic planning model of the Soviet Union.
  • Planning Milestones: National Planning Commission appointed on March 15, 1950 (Nehru as chairman). Five-Year Plans started from 1951.
  • First Five-Year Plan: Emphasized agricultural development to solve food scarcity and poverty.
  • Major River Valley Projects established (Nehru called dams "Temples of Modern India"): Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley Project, Hirakud.
  • Second Five-Year Plan: Emphasized industrial development to solve unemployment and ensure economic growth.

Page 146 & 148: Iron and Steel Industries / Land Reforms

  • Iron and steel industries were established in the public sector with foreign assistance:
    • Rourkela (Odisha): Germany.
    • Bhilai (Chhattisgarh): Soviet Union.
    • Durgapur (West Bengal): United Kingdom.
    • Bokaro (Jharkhand): Soviet Union.
  • Land Reforms: Aimed to set a limit on land ownership and distribute surplus land to landless farmers.
  • Bhoodan Movement: Initiated by Vinoba Bhave to persuade large landowners to donate land voluntarily.

Page 149-150: Agricultural Revolutions

  • Green Revolution (1960s onwards): Aimed at food self-sufficiency using high-yielding seeds, irrigation, and modern machinery.
    • Father of the Green Revolution in India: Dr. M. S. Swaminathan.
  • White Revolution: Aimed to increase milk/dairy production (led by Dr. Verghese Kurien, a Malayali, through Amul).
  • Blue Revolution: Aimed to improve fish production.

Page 151-152: Nationalisation of Banks

  • In 1969, the government under Indira Gandhi nationalized fourteen major banks. Later, six more were taken over.
  • Purpose: To ensure farmers and common people could obtain loans, as banks had previously prioritized the rich.
  • In the 1990s, the economic policy shifted to liberalisation, privatisation, and globalisation.

Page 153-154: Education and Science

  • Education Commissions (Independent India):
    • Dr. Radhakrishnan Commission (1948): University Education.
    • Dr. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar Commission (1952): Secondary Education.
    • Dr. D. S. Kothari Commission (1964): National Pattern of Education.
  • Jawaharlal Nehru emphasized scientific development and creating a society based on scientific temperament.
  • Key scientific advisors included Homi J. Bhabha and Meghnad Saha.
  • Key institutions founded: IIT, NIV, BARC, AIIMS, DRDO, IIM.
  • India conducted its first nuclear test, 'Smiling Buddha,' on May 18, 1974, at Pokhran, Rajasthan.

Page 157-158: Space Research

  • Pioneers: Homi J. Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai.
  • ISRO (1969): Indian Space Research Organisation (HQ Bengaluru).
  • Major Achievements:
    • Launching Aryabhata (first artificial satellite) on April 19, 1975.
    • Lunar exploration missions (Chandrayaan I, II, III).
    • Mangalyaan mission (2013) and Aditya L1 (solar research).
  • Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam is known as the 'Missile Man of India'.
  • National Space Day is celebrated on August 23 (commemorating Chandrayaan III).

Page 159-161: India's Foreign Policy

  • Chief architect: Jawaharlal Nehru.
  • Fundamental Principles: Peaceful Coexistence, stand against Colonialism and Apartheid, Protect National Security and Sovereignty, Non-Aligned Policy, and Panchsheel Principles.
  • Panchsheel Principles (1954): Signed by Nehru (India) and Zhou Enlai (China). Principles include mutual respect for sovereignty, mutual non-aggression, and peaceful coexistence.
  • Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): Formed under India's leadership to adopt an independent stand without joining either the US or Soviet power blocs during the Cold War.

Page 163-173: Kerala Development Model

  • Kerala officially formed on November 1, 1956 (integrating Travancore, Kochi, Malabar).
  • First Chief Minister: E. M. S. Namboodiripad (1957).
  • Land Reform (Kerala Land Reforms Amendment Act, January 1, 1970): Set a limit on land ownership and abolished the landlordism (Janmi system), granting permanent rights to tenants.
  • Educational Achievements: Primary education became free and universal (Kerala Education Act, 1958). Kerala became India's first fully literate state on April 18, 1991. Local self-government institutions gained power in education after the Panchayati Raj Act (1994).
  • Health Sector: Achieved global standards with a low infant mortality rate, low maternal mortality rate, and high life expectancy.
  • Social Achievements: Kerala achieved a high Human Development Index (HDI) despite low per capita income. Progress in poverty alleviation (Universal Public Distribution System, 1965) and women's empowerment (Kudumbashree).

Chapter 8: Democracy An Indian Experience

This chapter examines the establishment of democracy in India, major political shifts, the crisis of the Emergency, and the role of popular movements in shaping the democratic experience.

Page 155-156: Post-Partition Challenges

  • Post-partition migration created religious, linguistic, social, and economic problems for India.
  • The government addressed these through laws like The Abducted Persons (Recovery and Restoration) Act, 1949, and The Citizenship Act of 1955.
  • The Rights of Minorities were included as fundamental rights in the Constitution.

Page 157-158: Integration of Princely States (Treaties)

  • The integration of princely states was achieved through three agreements:
    1. Stand Still Agreement: Princely states maintained their status quo, preventing them from joining Pakistan.
    2. Instrument of Accession: States consented to merge but were granted the right to internal self-governance.
    3. Merger Agreement: Provided for the complete accession of the states, resulting in the cessation of the right to internal self-governance.

Page 159-160: First General Election

  • The Election Commission was formed on January 25, 1950.
  • The first general election was held from October 1951 to February 1952.
  • Challenges included: Delimiting constituencies, preparing voter lists (based on adult franchise), educating the illiterate majority, and training election officials.
  • Jawaharlal Nehru took the oath as the first Prime Minister.

Page 160-161: One-Party Dominance to Coalition

  • The successful election marked the beginning of India's democratic system.
  • The Indian National Congress' continuous majority led to a period of "one-party dominance" (existing within a democratic framework).
  • Congress retained power until 1962, but dominance faced a setback at the state level in 1967.
  • The Janata Party formed the government from 1977 to 1979.
  • With the 1989 elections, Indian politics shifted to a multi-party system and coalition system.
  • Coalitions are formed through pre-election fronts (Common Minimum Programme), post-election alliances, or external support.

Page 163-165: Emergency - A Crisis Period

  • A state of internal emergency was declared on June 25, 1975.
  • Background Reasons: Agitations against the Central Government (Gujarat under Morarji Desai, Bihar under Jayaprakash Narayan), economic crises, food shortages, and unemployment.
  • The Allahabad High Court nullified Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's election.
  • The government declared emergency under Article 352 of the Constitution, alleging a threat to internal security.
  • Impacts: Freezing of fundamental rights, concentration of power in the Union Government, abolition of judicial review, imprisonment of opposition leaders, and censorship on media.
  • The Emergency was revoked in March 1977. The Congress lost the subsequent election, and the Janata Party formed the government.

Page 166-168: Backward Class and Dalit Movements

  • Kaka Kalelkar Commission (1953): Appointed to study the social backwardness of OBC communities.
  • Mandal Commission (1979): The Second Backward Classes Commission, headed by B. P. Mandal.
    • Recommendation (1980): 27% reservation for backward classes in government jobs/educational institutions.
    • Implemented by the National Front government (V. P. Singh) in 1990.
  • Dalit Movements: Arose from the sentiment that Dalits were denied rights and kept away from the mainstream. Inspired by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.
  • Dalit Panthers Movement (Maharashtra, 1972): Led by educated Dalit youth, organized resistance against caste discrimination and police brutalities.
  • BAMCEF (1978): Focused on political empowerment of SC, ST, OBC, and minorities. Evolved into the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) under Kanshi Ram.

Page 143-145: Women's Movements

  • Anti-Arrack Movement (Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, 1990s): A women's movement protesting the use of Arrack (alcohol), which caused domestic violence, poverty, and social discord.
  • Nirbhaya Movement (Delhi, 2012): Mass movement against violence against women.
    • Demands: strong legal action and exemplary punishment.
    • Led to the Indian Criminal Law Amendment Act, 2013 (Nirbhaya Act) and fast-track courts.

Page 146-150: Sectoral and Environmental Movements

  • Fishermen's Movement: Organized under the National Fishworkers Forum (NFF). Agitated against deep-sea fishing policies and foreign companies receiving licenses.
  • Environmental Movements: Arose against unscientific development (large projects, mining, deforestation).
    • Silent Valley: Movement against a hydroelectric project, resulting in the declaration of the area as a National Park.
    • Chipko Movement (Uttarakhand): Featured women’s participation and embracing trees (Sunderlal Bahuguna).
    • Narmada Bachao Andolan: Against the Sardar Sarovar project and eviction of tribal people (Medha Patkar).

Page 151-152: Peasant Movements

  • The liberalization policies of the mid-1980s put the agricultural sector into crisis.
  • Movements included: Bharatiya Kisan Union (BKU) in UP, Shetkari Sanghatana in Maharashtra, and Raita Sangha in Karnataka.
  • Samyukt Kisan Morcha protest (2020-2021) against Central Government agricultural laws led to the government accepting demands.

Page 153-154: Right to Information Movement

  • The Right to Information Act (RTI Act) was passed in 2005 (came into force Oct 12, 2005). It ensures citizens obtain information from public institutions within 30 days.
  • The movement began in Rajasthan (1990) by the Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS), demanding access to documents regarding public works (due to suspicion of misuse of funds).

Page 155-158: Regional Movements

  • Dravidian Movement (Tamil Nadu, early 20th century): Aimed to resist Brahmin culture dominance; influenced by E. V. Ramaswamy Naicker's Self-Respect Movement. Led to the formation of DMK.
  • Anti-Immigration Movements: (e.g., Assam Movement, 1979-1985) led by the All Assam Students' Union against Bangladeshi immigration (demanded expulsion of immigrants after 1951).

Page 158-160: Autonomy Movements (Demanding Statehood)

  • Gorkha Land Movement (GNLF): Led to the formation of the Gorkha land Territorial Administration in West Bengal (2012).
  • Jharkhand Movement (JMM): Led to the formation of Jharkhand state (2000).
  • Telangana Movement (TRS): Led to the formation of Telangana state (2014).

Page 160-163: Separatist Movements

  • Khalistan Movement (Punjab): Demand for a separate Sikh nation. Extremists made the Golden Temple their center. Operation Blue Star (1984) suppressed the terrorists. Peace restored after the Punjab Accord (1985).
  • Jammu and Kashmir: Separatist movements aimed for independence or merging with Pakistan. The state had special rights under Article 370. In 2019, Article 370 was revoked, and J&K was reorganized into two Union Territories (J&K and Ladakh).
  • North-East Regions:
    • Mizo National Front (MNF): Led by Laldenga. Granted Mizoram full statehood with special powers (1986 peace accord).
    • Naga National Council (NNC): Led by Angami Zapu Phizo. Signed the Naga Peace Accord (2015).

Page 163-164: Challenges to Democracy

  • Major challenges: Communalism, tensions in Centre-State relations, corruption, criminalization of politics, and defection.
  • Communalism: Dividing people based on religion. Fostered by British 'divide and rule' and post-partition riots. Threatens constitutional values like secularism and national unity.

Page 165-166: Centre-State Relations

  • Constitution gives more power to the Centre. Tensions arise from Central Government/Governors interfering in State rights.
  • Sarkaria Commission (1983): Appointed to study Centre-State relations (Chairman Justice R. S. Sarkaria). It found the Centre's powers were increasing and recommended changes to avoid friction.

Page 167-171: Role and Powers of the Governor

  • The Governor is appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Central Government. The Governor is the nominal leader of the state; real power rests with the Cabinet.
  • Controversy: The Governor's role is controversial, especially when different parties govern the Centre and State.
  • Article 356: Empowers the President to impose Presidential Rule based on the Governor's report if the state government fails to follow the Constitution. This power has led to numerous conflicts (e.g., dissolution of Kerala Government in 1959).
  • Powers (Summary): Legislative (assent to bills, dissolve assembly); Executive (appoint CM/Ministers); Judiciary (grant pardon); Discretionary (forming ministry when no clear majority, reporting to President).

Page 174-177: Corruption and Criminalization

  • Corruption: Use of power/position for illegal gain (bribery, nepotism). Leads to loss of public faith in the democratic system.
  • Electoral Bonds: Introduced in 2017-2018 to allow anonymous corporate donations to political parties. The Supreme Court quashed the bonds (Feb 15, 2024), ruling they were anti-constitutional.
  • Criminalization of Politics: Leaders/workers engaging in criminal activities, or individuals with criminal backgrounds entering politics. Erodes democratic values.

Page 178: Defection

  • Defection: An elected representative abandoning one party to join another.
  • Leads to crisis in governance.
  • The Anti-Defection Law was passed in 1985 (52nd Constitutional Amendment) to prevent this trend.
  • Resort Politics: A strategy used by political parties to gather members at a specific venue to prevent defection (started in Haryana in 1982).

Chapter 9: Know the Indian Social System

This chapter explores the foundational elements of the Indian social structure, including caste, religion, language, and the distinctions between tribal, rural, and urban societies.

Page 181-183: Concept of Social System

  • Societies are compared to a complex machine or an organic system (e.g., the human body).
  • A system reflects the systematic arrangement of various parts that work together to maintain equilibrium.
  • Herbert Spencer developed the concept of the Social Organism, comparing society to a living organism.
  • Social System Defined: It is formed when various parts of society (education, law, government, religion, etc.) work interdependently and perform jointly to ensure stability, growth, and order.
  • Social institutions regulate the behaviour and actions of individuals and groups.

Page 187-188: Indian Social System

  • The Indian social system is shaped by diverse communities and cultures.
  • Pioneering sociologist G. S. Ghurye highlighted its complex structure, diversity (castes, religions, languages), and the distinctive blend of diversity and continuity.
  • The main feature defining the Indian social system is the Caste System.

Page 188-193: I. Caste System

  • M. N. Srinivas conducted insightful studies on the caste system.
  • The caste system divides people into strata based on birth and is deeply interwoven with the Hindu religion.
  • Key Features:
    1. Social Hierarchy: Ranking society into layers (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras, Panchamas/Outcastes).
    2. Division of Labour: Specific hereditary occupations were allocated to each caste, restricting the freedom to choose other jobs (maintaining no social mobility).
    3. Social Control and Order: Based on the notion of purity and pollution. Untouchability was an evil practice that maintained distance. The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 prohibits the practice and propagation of untouchability.
    4. Restrictions on Marriage: Promoted endogamy (marriage within one’s caste) to maintain boundaries.
  • Caste-based inequalities were challenged by agitations in Kerala (e.g., Kallumala agitation).
  • Modern India: The Constitution prohibits discrimination and promotes equality, leading to social mobility.

Page 195-200: II. Religion

  • The Preamble states India is a secular state; the state does not grant special status to any religion.
  • Article 15 prohibits discrimination based on religion.
  • Role in Social System:
    1. A Tool for Social Control: Religion teaches human values (honesty, justice, morality), influencing individual behaviour and ensuring social order/coexistence.
    2. Enriching Cultural Diversity: Religion enriches culture through beliefs, arts, and literature (seen in paintings/engravings in temples, churches, mosques). Figures like Kabir Das and Guru Nanak contributed to cultural diversity.
    3. Accelerating Social Change: Some religious movements evolved into social movements that challenged caste discrimination (e.g., Brahmo Samaj, led by Raja Ram Mohan Roy).
  • Conflicts along religious lines can challenge social harmony.

Page 201-206: III. Language

  • India is one of the most linguistically diverse countries (22 official languages).
  • Language is a symbol of culture and identity.
  • States were reorganized based on linguistic lines after independence.
  • Role in Social System:
    1. Make Cultural Traditions Organic: Languages embody societal traditions through oral (e.g., Ballads of Northern Kerala/Vadakkan Pattukal) and written transmission.
    2. Provides a Sense of Identity: Connects people to their identities (e.g., Malayalees, Tamils).
    3. Fosters Respect for and Coexistence with Cultural Diversity: Learning other languages helps understand different cultures, fostering respect and broader life perspectives.
  • Maintaining equilibrium requires recognizing and respecting linguistic diversity.

Page 207-215: IV. Tribal Society

  • India has the second largest tribal population globally (8.6% as per 2011 census).
  • Tribal societies live in close interaction with nature, engaging in sustainable agriculture and forest protection.
  • Role and Contributions:
    1. Traditional Knowledge: Possess valuable knowledge about agriculture, medicine, and biodiversity conservation.
    2. Arts and Culture: Nourish Indian culture through unique languages, art forms (Warli Painting), festivals, music, and dance.
    3. Sustainable Life: Integrate natural resources in an eco-friendly manner, offering effective models for environmental preservation. Their knowledge strengthens the eco-tourism sector.
    4. Resistance against Inequalities: Organized struggles against oppression and exploitation. Prominent revolts:
      • Santhal Revolt (1855-1856): Leaders Sidhu Murmu, Kanhu Murmu.
      • Munda Revolt (1899-1900, Ulgulan Movement): Leader Birsa Munda.
      • Kurichya, Kurumba Revolt (1812): Leader Raman Nambi.
  • Tribal societies are custodians of India's natural wealth and cultural heritage.

Page 216-221: V. Rural-Urban Societies

  • Rural Society: Based on agriculture and small-scale industries; characterized by close-knit relationships and traditional lifestyle. It is the backbone of India's agriculture-based economy.
  • Urban Society: Characterized by diverse industries, various services, modern facilities, diverse population, and a fast-paced lifestyle. There is less social connection among people.
  • Interdependence: Cities depend on villages for food/raw materials, while villages depend on cities for technology and markets.
  • Rural-Urban Continuum (Mac Iver): There is no clear boundary between where cities end and villages begin; this situation exists in Kerala.

Page 222-224: From Diversity to Pluralism

  • Diversity: Means differences (cultural, religious, linguistic) that exist naturally.
  • Pluralism: Implies that diverse elements coexist. It promotes communication, mutual respect, love, and friendship, ensuring diversity does not lead to division.
  • Diversity naturally exists, but pluralism must be intentionally cultivated (a conscious activity).

Page 225-228: National Integration

  • National Integration: A process that unifies Indian society into a national identity by respecting its cultural, linguistic, and religious diversity, leading to a unified and harmonious state.
  • Features of Integration: Nurtures unity in diversity, encourages social unity/national identity, strengthens democratic governance, and helps overcome challenges to pluralism.
  • Integration is ensured by celebrating festivals together, a legal system that protects minorities, and visible secularism.

 

Chapter 6: The Changing Earth

The chapter discusses geographical phenomena, Earth movements, associated natural disasters, and mitigation strategies.

Page 135: Introduction and Context

  • The life habitat of living organisms is shaped by geographical features like physiography and climate.
  • Small changes in the ecological balance can adversely affect the existence of the ecosystem.
  • In the present time, frequent natural disasters occur, and further changes in relief and climate could worsen the situation.
  • The chapter uses the experience of a survivor of the devastating debris flow near Meppadi, Wayanad District, on July 30, 2024, described as an unparalleled catastrophe in Kerala's history, to introduce the topic.

Page 136: Hazards and Disasters

  • Many geographical phenomena and natural disasters occur in connection with Earth movements.
  • Hazard: A situation that poses a threat to life, health, property, services, socio-economic stability, or the environment.
  • Disaster: A serious disruption in the functioning of a community or society that causes widespread material, economic, social, or environmental losses, and exceeds the ability of the affected society to cope using its own resources.
  • A hazard is a physical event with the potential to trigger a disaster, but the event itself need not necessarily result in a disaster (e.g., an earthquake in an uninhabited desert).
  • Hazards may be either man-made or naturally occurring.

Page 137: Risk, Vulnerability, Capacity, and Earth Movements

  • Risk: The measure of expected losses caused by a hazard event in a specific area over a given time period.
  • Vulnerability: The extent to which a community, structure, service, or geographic area is likely to be damaged or disrupted by a specific hazard.
  • Capacity: The resources, means, and strengths within a community that enable it to cope with, withstand, prepare for, prevent, mitigate, or quickly recover from a disaster.
  • The Earth’s surface is constantly subjected to changes due to numerous movements and processes occurring on the surface and within the Earth.
  • Earth Movements: The movements that cause the ups and downs on the surface of the Earth.
  • Classification of Earth Movements: Categorized into two types based on causative forces.
    1. Endogenic Movements: Processes caused by forces within the Earth at varied intensities.
    2. Exogenic Movements: Processes caused by external forces on the surface of the Earth at varied intensities.

Page 138: Causative Forces and Convection Currents

  • Causative Forces (Endogenic): Radioactivity within the Earth, primordial heat, the rotation of the Earth, variations in geothermal gradient, and convection currents.
  • Causative Forces (Exogenic): Slope of the area, gravity, pressure exerted on an object by another object, molecular stress due to temperature changes, running water, glaciers, wind, groundwater, and different chemical actions.
  • Convection Currents: Continuous cyclic movement of magma in the mantle, driven by thermal variations. Magma heats up, rises toward the crust, cools, and sinks back down.
  • Endogenic movements result in Earthquakes, volcanism, orogenic movements, epeirogenic movements, and plate tectonics. These are classified into slow movements (diastrophic movements) and sudden movements.

Page 139: Diastrophic Movements and Faulting

  • Diastrophic Movements (Diastrophism): Endogenic processes that move, elevate, or build up portions of the Earth’s crust.
  • Epeirogenic Movements: Processes causing the upliftment of a large portion of the Earth’s crust; cause only minimal deformation.
  • Orogenic Movements: Processes causing the formation of mountains (e.g., fold mountains like the Himalayas); cause severe deformation on the Earth’s surface.
  • Classification of Endogenic Movements (Fig 6.3): Diastrophic Movements (Epeirogenic Processes, Orogenic Processes) and Sudden Movements (Earthquakes, Volcanism).
  • Horst (Block Mountain): The uplifted block of the Earth’s crust formed due to faulting.
  • Graben: The corresponding down-dropped block of the Earth’s crust.

Page 140: Sudden Movements and Volcanism

  • Sudden movements include volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, often turning disastrous.
  • Lithosphere: Outermost layer (crust + uppermost mantle) with an average thickness of 100 kilometers.
  • Asthenosphere: Zone below the lithosphere where rocks exist in a partially molten (semi-liquid) state.
  • Magma Origin: Molten rock material rises from the asthenosphere.
  • Volcanoes Defined: Openings in the lithosphere through which molten rock material, gases, ash, pyroclastic materials (rock fragments), dust, and water vapour erupt to the surface.
  • Magma vs. Lava:
    • Magma: Molten rock material in the upper mantle.
    • Lava: Molten rock material once it starts moving toward the crust or reaches the surface.

Page 141: Volcanism and Volcano Types

  • Volcanism: The comprehensive process involving the formation, movement, eruption, explosion, lava flow, solidification, and formation of various igneous landforms.
  • Volcanoes: Landforms created on the Earth’s surface by molten rock material.
  • Classification of Volcanoes: Shield volcanoes, composite volcanoes, and calderas.
  • Basalt Flood Plains: Formed when lava floods over an extensive area (e.g., The Deccan Province in India).

Pages 142-143: Distribution and Mitigation

  • Distribution of Volcanoes (Fig 6.6): The major volcanic zones are mainly located along major plate margins.
  • Mitigation Measures (Since eruptions cannot be prevented):
    • Identifying prone areas scientifically.
    • Avoiding construction and restricting tourism near volcanoes.
    • Continuously monitoring volcanic regions and issuing early warnings.
    • Constructing buildings capable of withstanding lava flow and ash fall.

Page 144: Volcanic Impact and Benefits

  • Adverse Effects: Loss of lives, destruction of property, disruption of economic activities, and creation of homelessness/joblessness due to lava flow (e.g., Krakatoa eruption killed 36,000 people).
  • Why People Settle: Volcanic ash and the soil formed from disintegrated lava rocks are very fertile, attracting people for agriculture.
  • Benefits of Volcanic Activity:
    • Geothermal energy conversion into electricity.
    • Lava is rich in minerals, bringing valuable minerals to the surface.
    • Attraction of tourists.

Page 145: Earthquakes and Tectonic Process

  • Earthquakes: Also sudden movements caused by friction between lithospheric plates sliding over the asthenosphere.
  • Formation of Tectonic Earthquakes: Friction generates tension along plate margins. When the pressure to move overcomes friction, a sudden rupture releases energy as seismic waves.
  • Tectonic Earthquakes: Earthquakes caused by friction between lithospheric plates.

Page 146: Focus, Epicentre, and Measurement

  • Focus (Hypocentre): The point inside the Earth from which the energy is released.
  • Epicentre: The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus; seismic waves reach this point first.
  • Earthquake Waves: Primary waves, Secondary waves, and Surface waves (most destructive).
  • Causes (Non-Tectonic): Volcanic eruptions, collapse of mine roofs, explosions, and pressure exerted by water in large reservoirs (minor tremors, e.g., Idukki District).
  • Richter Scale: Devised by Charles F. Richter (1935) to measure an earthquake’s magnitude.
  • Seismograph: Instrument that records earthquake waves.
  • Shadow Zones: Areas at certain distances from the focus where seismic waves are not recorded.

Page 147: Distribution of Earthquakes

  • Major seismic regions of the world (Fig 6.10) and most volcanoes are found along the plate margins.
  • The Himalayan regions are highly vulnerable or susceptible to earthquakes.

Page 148: Earthquake Disasters and Mitigation

  • Disasters Caused (Example of Turkey, 2023): Loss of life, destruction of buildings, shattering of transportation and communication systems, water distribution failure, disruption of food supply, shortage of medicines, and landslides/fires hindering rescue operations.
  • Mitigation: Impossible to predict earthquakes accurately or completely prevent disasters. Mitigation relies on adopting precise preventive measures and raising awareness.

Page 149: Tsunami Formation and Warning

  • Tsunami Context: The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake triggered a devastating tsunami (magnitude 9.1), killing around 230,000 people and affecting 14 countries, including Kerala.
  • Tsunami Formation: Severe earthquakes on the ocean floor cause giant waves (up to several metres). Volcanic eruptions on the ocean floor and meteors can also cause them.
  • Safeguarding Measures:
    • If sea level suddenly goes down, run immediately to higher ground.
    • If caught, hold onto something that can float.
  • Tsunami Warning System: DART (Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis) stations monitor activity using satellite communication.

Page 150: Exogenic Movements

  • Driving/Causative Forces of Exogenic Movements: Slope, Gravity, molecular stress, running water, glaciers, wind, groundwater, and chemical actions.
  • Exogenic Movements (Processes): Weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, and mass wasting.
  • The nature and rate of these movements vary according to climatic regions.

Page 151: Weathering and Types

  • Weathering Defined: Processes that cause mechanical disintegration or chemical decomposition of rocks due to exogenous forces.
  • Human Activities Causing Weathering: Mining and Quarrying.
  • Types of Weathering (Fig 6.13): Physical Weathering, Chemical Weathering, Biological Weathering.
    • Physical Weathering: Disintegration due to temperature changes (expansion/contraction) or water freezing and expanding in cracks.
    • Chemical Weathering: Chemical reactions between substances (O2, CO2, water) and rock minerals.
    • Biological Weathering: Disintegration caused by plant roots, burrowing animals, and decaying plant/animal remains.

Page 152: Benefits of Weathering and Mass Wasting

  • Uses of Weathering:
    • Leads to the formation of soil.
    • Helps to separate minerals from rocks.
    • Causes mineral enrichment.
    • Makes mining easier.
  • Erosion, Transportation, Deposition: Movement of rock fragments by running water, glaciers, wind, and waves, forming depositional landforms.
  • Mass Wasting Defined: Movement or fall of rock fragments or earth materials down a slope under the direct influence of gravitational pull. Varies from very slow to rapid movements.

Page 153: Mass Wasting in Kerala (Urulpottal)

  • The debris flow in Wayanad (July 2024) is a type of mass wasting.
  • Kerala is prone to hazards like sea incursion (coastal flooding) and landslides/debris flows (Western Ghats).
  • Natural hazards become disasters due to population density, unscientific construction, overexploitation of resources, and uneven heavy rainfall.
  • Debris Flow: Sudden movement of rock debris and soil mixed with water down a steep slope.
  • Landslide: Downward sliding of a portion of a mountain slope under gravity.
  • Urulpottal: Local term for highly destructive landslides or debris flows, often occurring in combination, triggered by intense rainfall.

Page 154: Factors and Vulnerability

  • Predisposing Factors for 'Urulpottal': Slope of the land (especially over 22 degrees), soil depth/structure, land use, and stream distribution.
  • Triggering Factors: Heavy rainfall, cloudbursts, earthquakes, unscientific rock quarrying during monsoon, and unscientific construction activities.
  • Human Activities (Causes of Debris Flow): Unscientific construction of houses, roads on steep slopes, and interruption of the natural flow of streams.
  • Debris flow and landslides are generally common in the Western Ghats and Himalayan mountains.

Page 155: Prediction Tools and Soil Piping

  • Prediction/Mitigation: Areas prone to 'Urulpottal' are identified using scientific tools like remote sensing and GIS.
  • Agencies like the Geological Survey of India and NCESS prepare prone area maps, available on the KSDMA website.
  • Soil Piping (Tunnel Erosion): A phenomenon observed in hilly areas with laterite, where water washes away the clay–silt mixture from the subsurface clayey layer beneath a laterite cap, creating underground channels or pipes.
  • Main Reason: Hydraulic removal of soil from weaker subsurface layers. Observed in Idukki and Kannur districts.

Page 156: Disaster Management Systems

  • Development and Nature: Unlimited development is impossible. Democratic decisions are needed to safeguard people and the environment.
  • KaWaCHam (Kerala Warnings, Crisis and Hazard Management System): An integrated disaster warning system implemented in Kerala (the first state in India to implement this kind).
  • KaWaCHam Alerts: Location-based SMS, social media updates, and siren–strobe light units.
  • Facing 'Urulpottal' (During): Stay calm, take shelter under a strong table or cot if inside.
  • Facing 'Urulpottal' (After): Allow rescue vehicles to pass; report fallen electric lines immediately.

Page 157: Sustainable Development

  • Resource Conservation: Careful use of resources to minimize excessive consumption and depletion, ensuring availability for future generations.
  • Sustainable Development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
  • Essential to develop renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydroelectricity, geothermal) while reducing the use of fossil fuels.
  • Resource utilization should focus on cooperation, not competition.

Chapter 6: Question and Answers

SCERT Based Question and Answers

Question: Define a Hazard and a Disaster.
Answer: A Hazard poses a threat to life/property. A Disaster is a serious disruption causing widespread losses that exceed the affected community's ability to cope using its own resources.

Question: List the differences between epeirogenic movements and orogenic movements.
Answer: Epeirogenic movements cause large-scale upliftment with minimal deformation. Orogenic movements cause mountain formation with severe deformation of the Earth’s surface.

Question: Distinguish between Magma and Lava.
Answer: Magma is molten rock material present in the upper mantle. Lava is the molten rock material once it reaches the crust or surface.

Question: Why do people prefer to live in volcanic regions?
Answer: The soil formed from volcanic ash and disintegrated lava rocks is very fertile, making the regions suitable for agriculture.

Question: List the uses of volcanic activities for humankind.
Answer: They provide geothermal energy (converted into electricity), valuable minerals reach the surface through lava flow, and the regions attract tourists.

Question: What are the three types of waves generated from the focus of an earthquake?
Answer: Primary waves, Secondary waves, and Surface waves (the most destructive).

Question: List the human activities that contribute to the weathering of rocks.
Answer: Mining and Quarrying.

Question: How is weathering useful to us?
Answer: It leads to soil formation, helps separate minerals from rocks, causes mineral enrichment, and makes mining easier.

Question: What is 'Urulpottal'?
Answer: The local term for highly destructive landslides or debris flows in the hilly regions of Kerala, often triggered by intense rainfall.

Question: What are the human-induced triggering factors for 'Urulpottal'?
Answer: Unscientific rock quarrying during the monsoon season and unscientific construction activities on steep slopes, as well as the interruption of the natural flow of streams.

Most Important Questions of Chapter 6

Question: Explain the mechanism of Convection Currents inside the Earth.
Answer: Due to thermal variation (caused by radioactive elements), magma in the mantle heats, rises toward the crust, cools, and sinks back down in a continuous cyclic movement, driving Earth processes.

Question: Define Volcanism and list its results.
Answer: Volcanism is the process including magma formation, movement toward the surface, eruption through cracks (volcanoes), explosions, lava flow, solidification, and the creation of various igneous landforms.

Question: Describe how Tectonic Earthquakes occur.
Answer: Friction between lithospheric plates restricts movement, building up high tension along plate margins. When pressure overcomes friction, a sudden rupture releases energy as seismic waves.

Question: Explain Soil Piping or Tunnel Erosion.
Answer: A phenomenon in laterite areas where water seeps through the laterite cap and hydraulically removes the less cohesive clay–silt mixture from the subsurface, creating underground channels or pipes.

Question: What is the primary method adopted by Kerala to mitigate disasters, as described in the chapter?
Answer: Implementation of KaWaCHam (Kerala Warnings, Crisis and Hazard Management System), an integrated system using modern technologies to monitor disaster possibility and alert the public via SMS, social media, and siren-strobe light units.

Chapter 7: Indian Economy: Growth and Transformation

The chapter examines economic growth, economic development, India’s development strategies, and recent economic changes.

Page 159: Growth and Development

  • The goal of economies is to achieve public welfare by creating a better material environment.
  • Economic activities bring about quantitative and qualitative changes.
    • Quantitative Change: Economic Growth.
    • Qualitative Change: Economic Development.

Page 160: Economic Growth and GDP

  • National income increases when the production of goods and services in the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors increases.
  • GDP (Gross Domestic Product): The monetary value of all goods and services produced within the domestic territory of a country in a year.
  • Economic Growth: The increase in a country's Gross Domestic Product compared to the previous year.
  • Economic growth increases a country's capacity to meet the needs of its people through changes in production, employment, and income.

Page 161: Economic Growth Rate

  • Economic Growth Rate: The rate of increase in GDP in the current year compared to the previous year, measured in percentage.
  • Formula: (Current year's GDP - Previous year's GDP) / Previous year's GDP X 100.
  • If the growth rate is above zero, it indicates positive growth and a rise in GDP. If the growth rate is below zero, it indicates negative growth and a fall in GDP.

Page 162: Per Capita Income (PCI)

  • PCI: An important indicator used to measure and evaluate economic growth; it is the average income of individuals.
  • PCI Formula: NI (National Income) / Population.
  • Personal Income (PI): Total income earned by an individual from various sources.
  • World Bank Classification (based on PCI, US$):
    1. Low income: Less than $1145.
    2. Lower middle income: $1146 to $4515 (India falls here).
    3. Upper middle income: $4516 to $14005.
    4. High income: Above $14006.

Page 163: Shortcomings of PCI

  • PCI is only an average income.
  • It does not reflect information about the distribution and inequality of wealth.
  • It is affected by the limitations of calculating national income.
  • Factors that enhance the quality of life are not included.
  • Economic growth often leads to socio-economic inequalities because personal income does not increase equally for everyone.

Page 164: Economic Development

  • Basic problems like poverty, unemployment, and economic inequality often persist despite GDP growth.
  • Economic Development (Todaro & Smith): The process of improving the standard of living and economic well-being of people through growth in income, education, and infrastructure.
  • Economic growth must be accompanied by better living conditions (e.g., educational facilities, nutrient availability, transportation facilities).
  • Development is achieved when the benefits of increased production and income are shared by everyone, leading to an improvement in the standard of living alongside economic growth.

Page 165: Human Development Index (HDI)

  • HDI: An index developed by the United Nations (UNDP) to measure economic development based on human development.
  • HDI Calculation Factors (3 Dimensions):
    1. Long and healthy life (Life expectancy at birth).
    2. Knowledge (Literacy and gross school enrollment rate).
    3. A decent standard of living (Per capita income).
  • HDI value is calculated as an average of these factors, ranging between zero and one.
  • India was ranked 130th out of 193 countries in the 2023 HDI report.

Page 166: HDI Classification

  • The UNDP classifies countries based on HDI value: Low (below 0.550), Medium (0.550 - 0.699), High (0.700 - 0.799), and Very High (above 0.800).
  • India’s HDI value increased from 0.446 (1990) to 0.685 (2023), placing it in the Medium human development category.

Page 167: Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)

  • PQLI Developer: Morris David Morris (1979).
  • PQLI is based on three indices:
    1. Basic Literacy Index (BLI): Percentage of the population that can read and write.
    2. Infant Mortality Index (IMI): Number of infant deaths (under age one) per 1,000 live births.
    3. Life Expectancy Index (LEI): Average number of years a person lives.
  • PQLI Calculation: The average of these three indicators: (LEI + IMI + BLI) / 3.
  • Drawback: It does not consider the respondent's annual income.

Page 168: Sustainable Development Goals Index (SDGI)

  • SDGs Context: Adapted by the UN in 2015.
  • SDGI Purpose: Assesses efforts taken by countries to achieve the 17 SDGs.
  • In India, the SDGI is prepared by the NITI Aayog in collaboration with the UN to measure the development progress of states and union territories.
  • The SDG India index (launched 2018) assesses performance across economic, social, and environmental sectors.
  • Score Categories: Aspirant (0-49), Performer (50-64), Front Runner (65-99), Achiever (100).

Pages 169-170: SDGI and Kerala Model

  • The SDGI scores track progress of states and UTs (Fig 7.8).
  • Kerala Model of Development Features: Kerala has achieved great strides in education, health, and social justice.
    • Key features: High literacy rates, low infant mortality rates, and improved life expectancy.
    • Achieved through: Land reforms, universal public health/education systems, public distribution systems, social security schemes, and public participation.

Page 171: Nava Kerala Mission and Economic Planning

  • Nava Kerala Mission (2016): Holistic development action plan.
  • Four Main Missions: Aardram (health), Life Mission (housing), Vidhyakiranam (education), and Haritha Keralam (environment/waste management).
  • Economic Strategy: India adopted Mixed Economy to build the economy after Independence.
  • Economic Planning: Preparation made to achieve the main economic goals of a society by utilizing available resources.
  • Father of Indian economic planning: M Visvesvaraya.

Page 172: Objectives and Planning Commission

  • Planning Objectives:
    • Growth: Increase in production.
    • Modernization: Use of new technologies and modernizing social perspectives.
    • Self-reliance: Minimize foreign dependence.
    • Equity: Ensuring equality by providing basic needs and fair distribution of wealth.
  • The Planning Commission was established in 1950 to achieve these objectives.
  • Planning Commission Structure (1950): Chairman (Prime Minister), Vice Chairman, Nominated Members from the Central Cabinet.

Page 173: NITI Aayog

  • The planning process was implemented through the Five-Year Plans, and PC Mahalanobis is considered its architect.
  • The Planning Commission was replaced by NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) on 1 January 2015.
  • NITI Aayog Objectives: Create a vision for development; promote sustainable development and inclusive growth; promote economic growth through innovation; collaborate with international organizations; develop long-term policies.

Page 174: Economic Policy Shift and Crisis (1991)

  • From 1950 to 1990, the government controlled the private sector using LPQ (Licenses, Permits, and Quotas).
  • Factors leading to the Economic Reforms of 1991:
    • High fiscal deficit and a decline in foreign exchange reserves (economic crisis).
    • Inefficiency of the public sector.
    • Changes in the world market favouring the free market.
    • Economic crisis caused by the 1990 Gulf War.
    • Conditions imposed by the World Bank and IMF.

Page 175: LPG Reforms

  • Goal of Reforms: Liberalize the Indian economy, deregulate the private sector, and remove trade restrictions.
  • The general features are referred to as LPG (Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization).
  • Liberalization: A policy change relaxing restrictions imposed on various sectors to promote economic growth. Areas implemented: Industrial, financial, tax, foreign exchange, and foreign trade sectors.

Page 176: Privatization and Globalization

  • Privatization: Reducing the role of the public sector and providing more opportunities for the private sector.
  • Disinvestment (Key Privatization Process): Sale of the government's investment/capital in a public sector enterprise to the private sector.
  • Globalization: The integration of a country's economy with the global economy, reducing import duties and encouraging foreign investment.
  • Globalization is the consequence of the policies of liberalization and privatization (Amartya Sen: "Globalization is not a policy; it is a phenomenon").

Page 177: WTO and MNCs

  • World Trade Organization (WTO): International organization (established 1995, Geneva) aiming to set and enforce global trade rules, reduce barriers, and promote fair competition.
  • Multinational Corporations (MNCs): Companies operating in multiple countries, engaging in international trade, and benefiting from local resources/markets.
  • Globalization accelerated technology growth by promoting the flow of foreign capital and innovative ideas.

Pages 178-179: Industrial Revolutions and Knowledge Economy

  • Economic growth is driven by inventions, mechanization, technology spread, and modernization.
    • 1st IR (1784): Steam engine, mechanization, factory system.
    • 2nd IR (1870): Electricity, assembly line, expansion of production.
    • 3rd IR (1969): Electronics, automation, robotics.
    • 4th IR (2000): Advanced technologies (IoT, Big Data Analytics, Cloud Computing).
    • 5th IR (2020): Human-centric approach, AI, sustainable productivity.
  • Knowledge Economy: An economic system that thrives by incorporating innovative ideas in the production, distribution, and use of knowledge and information.
  • Basis: Human resources capable of using knowledge and technology effectively, requiring accelerated research, innovation, and skill development.

Pages 180-181: Knowledge Economy in Kerala

  • Agri Tech: Use of sensors and drones in farming for improved yields and direct sales.
  • Industry 4.0: Use of automation and the Internet to connect factories, leading to increased production and diversified jobs (supported by MAKE IN INDIA).
  • Service Sector Tech: Edu Tech, Health Tech, Green Tech, Animation, etc.
  • Kerala's Shift (Institutions):
    • Digital University of Kerala (2020): Develops human resources in AI, data science, cyber security, etc.
    • K-DISC (Kerala Development and Innovation Strategy Council): Promotes research, skill development (YIP), and aims to create employment for the educated (KKEM).
    • Kerala Startup Mission (KSUM) (2006): Promotes startups through innovation hubs, funding, and mentorship.

Chapter 7: Question and Answers

SCERT Based Question and Answers

Question: Differentiate between Economic Growth and Economic Development.
Answer: Growth is quantitative (increase in GDP). Development is qualitative (improving standard of living, income, education, and infrastructure to share benefits widely).

Question: List the shortcomings of Per Capita Income (PCI) as an economic indicator.
Answer: It is only an average income; it does not reflect distribution/inequality of wealth; it does not include factors that enhance quality of life.

Question: List the three indices used to calculate PQLI.
Answer: Basic Literacy Index (BLI), Infant Mortality Index (IMI), and Life Expectancy Index (LEI).

Question: What are the four main missions included in the Nava Kerala Mission?
Answer: Aardram Mission (Health), Life Mission (Housing), Vidhyakiranam (Education), and Haritha Keralam Mission (Environment/Waste Management).

Question: Who is considered the architect of the Five-Year Plan in India?
Answer: PC Mahalanobis.

Question: What were the main features of the Economic Reforms of 1991 (LPG)?
Answer: Liberalization: Relaxing restrictions on sectors. Privatization: Reducing public sector role/increasing private opportunity. Globalization: Integration of the economy with the global economy.

Question: What is Disinvestment?
Answer: The sale of the government's investment or capital in a public sector enterprise to the private sector.

Question: How does the Knowledge Economy accelerate economic growth?
Answer: Through skill development, human resource utilization, innovation, and job creation.

Most Important Questions of Chapter 7

Question: Summarize the economic system and primary objectives adopted by independent India.
Answer: India adopted a Mixed Economy. Primary objectives of planning were Growth, Modernization, Self-reliance, and Equity (fair distribution of wealth).

Question: Why was the Planning Commission replaced by the NITI Aayog in 2015?
Answer: The NITI Aayog was formed to transform India through economic growth, social welfare, and infrastructure development, focusing on promoting sustainable development and inclusive growth through strategic policy formulation.

Question: Describe the context (pre-1991) and the mechanism used by the government to control the economy.
Answer: From 1950-1990, there was government dominance. The private sector was controlled through LPQ (Licenses, Permits, and Quotas).

Question: List the historical stages of Industrial Revolution and their key features.
Answer: 1st IR: Steam engine/Factory system; 2nd IR: Electricity/Assembly line; 3rd IR: Electronics/Automation/Robotics; 4th IR: IoT/Big Data/Cloud Computing; 5th IR: Human-centric AI/Sustainable productivity.

Question: Describe Kerala's initiatives towards becoming a Knowledge Society.
Answer: K-DISC (promotes innovation/skills), Kerala Startup Mission (supports enterprises), and Digital University (develops high-quality human resources in advanced technologies like AI/blockchain).

Chapter 8: Towards Sustainability

This chapter explores different resource types, their management, and the concept of sustainable development in the context of global environmental degradation.

Page 184: Resources and Human Role

  • Aral Sea Disaster: Used as a strong warning against the overexploitation of natural resources; transformed into the Aralkum Desert due to diversion of rivers for cotton cultivation.
  • Resource Defined: Anything that satisfies human needs, is technologically feasible, and culturally acceptable.
  • Humans are essential in resource formation as they convert available materials into resources using abilities, skills, and technology (Human Resource).

Page 185: Classification by Origin and Renewability

  • Classification by Origin:
    • Biotic Resources: Part of the biosphere used by humans (Humans, plants, animals).
    • Abiotic Resources: Made of non-living matter (Minerals).
  • Classification by Renewability:
    • Renewable Resources: Continuously produced/replenished; often do not diminish after use (Sunlight, Wind). They are sustainable if not overused.

Page 186: Non-Renewable and Ownership

  • Non-Renewable Resources: Formed over millions of years; reserves decrease with use (Minerals, fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, natural gas). Fossil fuels deplete and cannot be reused.
  • Classification by Ownership:
    1. Personal Resources: Owned by an individual (House).
    2. Community Resources: Accessible to all members (Parks, playgrounds).
    3. National Resources: Owned by the nation (Forests, mineral deposits, ocean up to 12 nautical miles).
    4. International Resources: Owned by international agencies (Marine resources beyond 200 nautical miles).

Page 187: State of Development and Stocks

  • Resources are not always accessible due to technological limitations.
  • Classification by State of Development:
    • Potential Resources: Found in a region but not yet fully utilized (e.g., Wind and solar energy potential in Rajasthan/Gujarat).
    • Developed Resources: Quantity/quality surveyed; adequate technology exists for efficient utilization.
  • Stocks: Materials that can meet human needs but for which appropriate technology is not yet available (e.g., Hydrogen for energy).

Page 188: Natural Resources and Distribution

  • Reserves: Resources that can be exploited with existing technology, but whose use is postponed to meet future needs.
  • Natural Resources: Substances, objects, or energy forms obtained from nature, useful to humans (air, water, soil, minerals, fossil fuels).
  • Classification by Distribution:
    • Ubiquitous Resources: Found everywhere (Air, solar energy).
    • Localised Resources: Found only in certain parts of the world (Metal ores, fossil fuels).

Pages 189-190: Minerals and Ores

  • Minerals: Naturally occurring organic or inorganic substances with definite chemical and physical properties.
  • Classification:
    1. Metallic Minerals: Ferrous (Iron, Manganese) and Non-ferrous (Aluminum, Copper, Gold).
    2. Non-Metallic Minerals: Inorganic (Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas) and Others (Mica, Limestone).
  • Uses: Iron for steel; Titanium for aircraft; Gold for electronics; Manganese in steel production/pharmaceuticals. Non-metallic minerals are used as raw materials in industries.
  • Ores: Earth materials from which one or more metals can be extracted profitably at a relatively low cost (e.g., Iron from Hematite/Magnetite).

Page 192: Major Mineral Resources (Iron)

  • Iron: Indispensable metal. Used to produce steel (about 98% of mined iron ore).
  • Largest Reserves: Australia, Brazil, and Russia. India is a major producer.

Page 194: Major Mineral Resources (Copper)

  • Copper: Historically important (Copper Age). Indispensable in the electrical industry for wires, motors, transformers, and generators.
  • Leading Producer: Chile (home to large mines like Escondida).

Page 195: Energy Resources Classification

  • Fuel: Substance that releases energy through a chemical process.
  • Energy Resources Classification (Renewability):
    1. Non-Renewable/Conventional: Deplete with use, cause pollution, expensive to maintain/transport (Fossil fuels, Nuclear energy).
    2. Renewable/Non-Conventional: Available in plenty, eco-friendly, usually pollution-free (Solar, Wind, Geothermal, Tidal, Bioenergy).
  • Fossil Fuels: Formed from fossilized remains of ancient plants/animals (Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas).

Page 198: Coal

  • Coal: Carbon-rich sedimentary deposits formed from plant remains.
  • Uses: Fuel in metallurgy, chemical raw material (medicines, dyes), major source for thermal power generation.

Page 199: Petroleum

  • Petroleum (Rock Oil/Black Gold): Naturally occurring, complex liquid mixture.
  • Gained importance after the Industrial Revolution, replacing coal as a primary fuel.
  • Importance: Used for domestic needs, petrochemical industry, fertilizers, artificial fiber, and drugs. Saudi Arabia is a prime example of oil driving economic development.

Page 200: Crude Oil and Crisis

  • Crude petroleum is sent to a refinery to extract products like petrol, jet fuel, lubricants, asphalt, paints, and synthetic fibers.
  • The ever-increasing demand puts immense pressure on fossil fuels. Uncontrolled use of these non-renewable resources could lead to a major energy crisis.

Pages 202-203: Non-Conventional Energy Sources

  • Attention must shift to sustainable alternative energy sources to address the energy crisis.
  • Solar Energy: Uses photovoltaic and solar thermal capture methods.
  • Wind Energy: Kinetic energy of wind spins windmills to drive generators.
  • Geothermal Energy: Heat released from magma or hot water/vapour (geysers) is efficiently stored and converted into electrical/thermal energy.
  • Tidal Energy: Movement of ocean tides spins turbines.
  • Bioenergy: Energy produced from organic matter and organic waste; helps rural populations and reduces environmental pollution.

Page 204: Hydrogen, Conservation, and Models

  • Energy from Hydrogen: A clean fuel; when burned in a fuel cell, only water vapor is released (no pollutants like fossil fuels). Important for future energy needs.
  • Solar Models (India): Bhadla Solar Park (Rajasthan, one of the largest globally); Cochin International Airport (runs entirely on solar energy).
  • Resource Conservation: Careful use of resources to minimize excessive consumption and depletion, protecting the Earth’s self-regenerative capacity.

Page 205: Sustainable Development

  • Sustainable Development Defined: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
  • Key Concept Origin: Proposed first by the Brundtland Commission Report (1987), also known as Our Common Future.
  • Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit (1992): International summit that adopted Agenda 21 (principles for sustainable development in the 21st century).
  • The essential goal is utilizing natural resources without harming the ecosystem or global climate.

Chapter 8: Question and Answers

SCERT Based Question and Answers

Question: Define Abiotic Resources and Biotic Resources.
Answer: Biotic Resources are part of the biosphere (living matter, like plants/animals). Abiotic Resources are made of non-living matter (Minerals).

Question: Distinguish between Ubiquitous and Localised resources.
Answer: Ubiquitous resources are found everywhere (Air, solar energy). Localised resources are found only in certain parts of the world (Metal ores, fossil fuels).

Question: What are Ores?
Answer: Earth materials from which one or more metals can be extracted profitably at a relatively low cost.

Question: List the major fossil fuels.
Answer: Coal, Petroleum, and Natural gas.

Question: List the characteristics of non-conventional (renewable) energy resources.
Answer: Available in plenty, eco-friendly, and usually pollution-free.

Question: What is the major use of coal in power generation?
Answer: It is a major source of energy for thermal power generation.

Question: What is the peculiar benefit of using energy from Hydrogen?
Answer: Hydrogen is a clean fuel; when burned in a fuel cell, it releases only water vapor and does not release pollutants like fossil fuels.

Most Important Questions of Chapter 8

Question: Differentiate between Renewable and Non-renewable resources, giving examples.
Answer: Renewable resources are continuously produced or replenished (Sunlight, Wind). Non-renewable resources deplete with use and were formed over millions of years (Coal, Petroleum).

Question: Explain the difference between Stocks and Reserves.
Answer: Stocks are materials that humans lack the appropriate technology to utilize (e.g., Hydrogen). Reserves are resources that can be exploited with existing technology, but whose use is set aside for future needs.

Question: What is the major concern regarding the uncontrolled consumption of fossil fuels?
Answer: Since fossil fuels are non-renewable, their reserves will diminish and eventually disappear, leading to a major energy crisis where developmental activities could cease.

Question: Define Sustainable Development.
Answer: Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Question: Explain the global significance of the Brundtland Commission Report and the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit.
Answer: The Brundtland Report (1987) was the first to propose the concept of sustainable development. The Rio Earth Summit (1992) adopted Agenda 21, a set of principles for achieving sustainable development in the 21st century.

Question: Provide examples of India's adoption of solar energy as a move towards resource conservation.
Answer: The Bhadla Solar Park in Rajasthan (one of the largest in the world) and the Cochin International Airport (which runs entirely on solar energy).


Subscribe to: Comments (Atom)
Map Related VIII MM
Map Related VIII EM
VIII SS II MM&EM
IX Social Science Second Term Answer Key EM
IX Social Science Second Term Answer Key MM
SSLC New Type Question Model SSI EM
SSLC New Type Question Model SSI MM
SSLC New Type Question Model SS II EM
SSLC New Type Question Model SS II EM
SSLC Map and Data Analysis MM
SSLC Map and Data Analysis EM
Map Related SSLC MM & EM

@ Objective & Short Answer Questions

SSLC-SS-All-Objective-Answer-Questions Malayalam
SSLC-SS-All-Objective-Answer-Questions English
SSLC-SS-All-Short-Answer-Questions Malayalam
SSLC-SS-All-Short-Answer-Questions English
VIII-SS-All-Short-Answer-Questions English
VIII-SS-All-Short-Answer-Questions Malayalam
IX-SS-All-Objective-Answer-Questions English
IX-SS-All-Objective-Answer-Questions Malayalam
ICT
SSLC Ict Notes SSLC Ict Notes SSLC Ict Notes
STD V Social Science Notes
SSLC Social Science
SSLC SS1 Notes SSLC SS2 Notes SSLC SS2 Complete Notes Eng SSLC SS2 Complete Notes Mal SSLC SS2 Complete Notes Eng SSLC SS2 Complete Notes Eng SSLC SS1 Part 2 SSLC SS2 Part 2 SSLC SS2 SCERT Q/A Mal SSLC SS2 SCERT Q/A Eng SSLC SS2 Complete Notes SSLC SS1 Complete Notes 10th Wealth and world
IX Social Science
IX SS1 Q/A Eng IX SS1 Q/A Mal 9th SS1 Notes 9th SS2 Notes 9th Learning help 9th Land grants
VIII Social Science
VIII SS Complete Notes Eng VIII SS Complete Notes Mal 8th SS Notes 8th SS Glossary
SSLC Biology
SSLC Biology Notes SSLC Biology Notes Mal SSLC Biology Notes Eng SSLC Biology Q/A Eng SSLC Biology Q/A Mal
SSLC Chemistry
SSLC Chemistry SCERT Q/A Eng SSLC Chemistry SCERT Q/A Eng
Archaeological Quiz

SSLC

IX

VIII


പുതിയ പാറ്റേൺ മൾട്ടിപ്പിൾ ചോദ്യോത്തരങ്ങൾ ഇവിടെ നൽകിയിരിക്കുന്നു

SSLC

IX

VIII

STD V Social Science Notes

Today's Significance

Checking the calendar...