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Second Term Social Science Model Question Paper

General Instructions:

1. The question paper is divided into five sections: I, II, III, IV, and V.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, internal choices have been provided in certain sections.
3. Marks allotted to each question are indicated against the question.
4. Write clearly and concisely, adhering to the specified word/sentence limit where applicable.

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I. Answer the following questions. Each carries 1 score. (10 x 1 = 10)

1. Identify the endogenic process resulting from the release of seismic waves when pressure overcomes friction along lithospheric plate boundaries.
   A. Volcanism
   B. Epeirogenic movements
   C. Diastrophism
   D. Tectonic Earthquakes

2. Which explorer's voyage, financially supported by the rulers of Spain, led to the discovery of the Bahamas Islands in 1492?
   A. Vasco da Gama
   B. Ferdinand Magellan
   C. Christopher Columbus
   D. Pedro Álvares Cabral

3. The dense, luxuriant tropical rainforest found in the Amazon Basin is specifically known by which local name?
   A. Maloca
   B. Kampongs
   C. Belukar
   D. Selvas

4. Which movement was initiated by two brothers, Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, with the objective of restoring the powers of the Caliph?
   A. Civil Disobedience Movement
   B. Khilafat Movement
   C. Quit India Movement
   D. Rampa Rebellion

5. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the sole authority to print and issue all currencies in India, with the exception of:
   A. Rs 200 notes
   B. Rs 50 notes
   C. Coins and one rupee notes
   D. Bonds and Securities

6. Which type of volcano is characterized by steep, conical shapes and explosive eruptions?

7. Who coined the phrase "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it"?

8. The term 'Quaternary Sector' primarily involves which economic activity?

9. Which latitude line divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres?

10. What is the fundamental principle used by commercial banks to multiply loans and create credit?

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II. Answer the questions from 11 to 18 in two or more sentences. Each carries 2 scores. (8 X 2 = 16)

11. (A) What were the two major agreements used to integrate the 565 princely states into the Indian Union after independence?
    OR
    (B) List any two distinct characteristics of the Tundra climate regarding temperature and light/darkness.

12. Explain how money serves as a 'Measure of value' in an economy.

13. Name two methods used by women during the Quit India Movement (1942) to carry forward the struggle, even while leaders were imprisoned.

14. What is meant by the economic policy of Mercantilism, and what materials were prioritized as symbols of a nation's wealth under this policy?

15. Differentiate between magma and lava.

16. Mention any two challenges faced by farmers during the Great Depression of the 1930s.

17. Define 'Public Expenditure' and give one example.

18. What is the significance of the Prime Meridian (0° Longitude)?

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III. Answer the questions from 19 to 24 in three or more sentences. Each carries 3 scores. (6 X 3 = 18)

19. Explain the role played by Radio and Television as agencies in shaping public opinion in India.

20. What is the difference between 'Orogenic movements' and 'Epeirogenic movements' in the context of diastrophism?

21. Complete the table regarding the consequences (Merits and Demerits) of the Industrial Revolution:

Column A (Merit)	Column B (Demerit)
Rise of factories	A. ..............................................................
B. ..............................................................	Exploitation of labourers

22. State three key provisions of the Government of India Act of 1935.

23. Explain the relationship between the velocity of money and inflation.

24. Write a brief note on the concept of 'Veto Power' in the context of the UN Security Council.

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IV. Answer the questions from 25 to 29 in four or more sentences. Each carries 4 scores. (5 X 4 = 20)

25. Evaluate the key objectives behind the Nationalisation of Banks carried out in India in 1969 and 1980. (Mention any four points).

26. (A) Explain the structure of the Triangular Trade system and identify the three continents linked by this system.
    OR
    (B) List four characteristics of public opinion in a democratic society.

27. Analyze how volcanic activities affect human life and propose two preventative measures to mitigate the disasters caused by volcanic explosions.

28. Describe the four main characteristics of the lithospheric plates.

29. Analyze the reasons why Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922.

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V. Answer the questions from 30 to 31 in detail. Each carries 8 scores. (2 X 8 = 16)

30. (A) Detail the main functions of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) concerning currency, banking operations, and financial management in the country.
    OR
    (B) Provide a detailed account of the circumstances and methods that led to the successful integration of the princely states into the Indian Union after independence.

31. (A) Compare the natural vegetation and the nomadic lifestyle of the native people in the Equatorial Climatic Region and the Tundra Region.
    OR
    (B) Explain the major agencies that play a pivotal role in shaping public opinion in a democratic society. Detail the specific roles of political parties and the media in this process.

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Answer Key

I. 1-Score Questions (10 Marks)

1. D. Tectonic Earthquakes
2. C. Christopher Columbus
3. D. Selvas
4. B. Khilafat Movement
5. C. Coins and one rupee notes
6. Composite or Stratovolcano
7. Bal Gangadhar Tilak
8. Information services / Knowledge-based services (e.g., Research, IT)
9. Equator (0° Latitude)
10. Fractional Reserve Banking / Credit Creation based on deposits

II. 2-Score Questions (16 Marks)

11. (A) The two major agreements were:

    1. Instrument of Accession: A legal document by which rulers formally agreed to join the Indian Union, ceding control over defense, external affairs, and communications.
    2. Standstill Agreement: An agreement ensuring that all existing administrative arrangements between the state and the British Crown would continue with the Indian Dominion until new agreements were negotiated.
       OR
       (B) Temperature: Extremely low temperatures, generally below freezing point; short, cool summers.
       Light/Darkness: Experiences long periods of continuous darkness (polar night) and continuous daylight (midnight sun) due to high latitude.

12. Money acts as a 'Measure of value' (or Unit of Account) by providing a common yardstick for expressing the value of all goods and services. It allows us to compare the relative worth of diverse items (e.g., comparing the price of a car to the price of a loaf of bread).

13. Two methods used by women were:

    1. Organizing underground activities, maintaining communication links, and distributing banned literature/pamphlets.
    2. Leading public processions and prabhat pheris (morning rounds) in the absence of male leaders, often facing police brutality.

14. Mercantilism: An economic policy prevalent in 16th-18th century Europe which aimed to maximize exports and minimize imports to achieve a favorable balance of trade.
    Prioritized Materials: Gold and Silver were prioritized as the primary symbols of a nation's wealth and power.

15. Magma: Molten rock material found beneath the Earth's surface (inside the crust or mantle), often containing dissolved gases.
    Lava: Molten rock material that has erupted onto the Earth's surface, having lost most of its dissolved gases.

16. Two challenges faced by farmers during the Great Depression:

    1. A severe drop in crop prices due to overproduction and decreased demand, leading to bankruptcy.
    2. Foreclosures on farms and subsequent debt, as farmers could not repay bank loans.

17. Public Expenditure: Spending incurred by the government (central, state, or local) on various activities like public administration, infrastructure, welfare, and defense.
    Example: Spending on constructing national highways, or salaries paid to government employees.

18. The Prime Meridian (0° Longitude) is significant because it is the reference line from which East-West distances (longitudes) are measured, and it forms the basis for calculating worldwide standard time zones (Greenwich Mean Time/UTC).

III. 3-Score Questions (18 Marks)

19. Radio and Television (Media): They are powerful tools for mass communication. They disseminate political news, government policies, election results, and diverse viewpoints to a large, often illiterate, audience simultaneously. Television provides visual context, reinforcing opinions, while radio reaches remote areas, ensuring wider participation and influencing perceptions about leaders and issues.

20. Orogenic Movements: These are horizontal forces (tangential) that cause large-scale deformation of the Earth's crust, leading to mountain building (folding or faulting). They act quickly and affect long, narrow belts.
    Epeirogenic Movements: These are vertical forces (radial) that cause upliftment or subsidence of large continental blocks without significant folding or fracturing. They affect large, broad parts of the continent and are slow movements.

21. Complete the table:

Column A (Merit)	Column B (Demerit)
Rise of factories	A. Rise of slums/Urban overcrowding/Pollution
B. Mass production/Availability of cheap goods/Technological advancements	Exploitation of labourers

22. Three key provisions of the Government of India Act of 1935:

    1. Establishment of All India Federation: Proposed a federation comprising British India provinces and princely states (though never fully implemented).
    2. Provincial Autonomy: Abolished Dyarchy at the provincial level and introduced autonomy, allowing provinces to act as autonomous units of administration.
    3. Introduction of Dyarchy at the Centre: Power was divided into Reserved (Governor-General control) and Transferred subjects (ministerial control).
       (Any three)

23. Velocity of Money (V): Refers to the rate at which money is exchanged from one transaction to another (how quickly money changes hands).
    Relationship with Inflation: When the velocity of money significantly increases, meaning people are spending money much faster, the demand for goods rises quickly. If the supply remains constant, this rapid increase in spending (V) leads directly to higher prices and accelerates the rate of inflation.

24. Veto Power: This refers to the special right of permanent members of the UN Security Council (USA, UK, France, Russia, China) to unilaterally reject or block the adoption of any substantive resolution, regardless of the level of support from other members. The veto ensures that no major decision regarding international security can be taken if any of the five permanent members oppose it.

IV. 4-Score Questions (20 Marks)

25. Objectives behind Bank Nationalisation (1969 & 1980):

    1. Priority Sector Lending: To direct credit away from large industries and business houses towards agriculture, small-scale industries, and rural development, ensuring equitable distribution of resources.
    2. Expansion of Banking Services: To expand the banking network, especially into unbanked rural and semi-urban areas, fostering a banking culture across the nation.
    3. Mobilization of Savings: To mobilize public savings more effectively through banks to utilize them for national development and planned economic growth.
    4. Social Control: To achieve greater social control over banking policies to align them with the government’s overall economic and social objectives.

26. (A) Structure of Triangular Trade: This was a three-legged maritime trade route that operated primarily between the 16th and 19th centuries.

    • Leg 1 (Europe to Africa): Manufactured goods (cloth, firearms, alcohol) were shipped from Europe to West Africa.
    • Leg 2 (Middle Passage): These goods were traded for captive enslaved people, who were then forcibly transported across the Atlantic to the Americas.
    • Leg 3 (Americas to Europe): Raw materials (sugar, cotton, tobacco, rum) produced by enslaved labor were shipped back to Europe for processing.
      Three Continents Linked: Europe, Africa, and North/South America (The West Indies/New World).
      OR
      (B) Characteristics of Public Opinion in a democratic society:
    1. Reflects Majority View: It generally represents the collective will or majority belief on a specific public issue, distinct from mere individual opinions.
    2. Must be Reasonable and Rational: True public opinion is based on facts, knowledge, and mature deliberation, not prejudice or rumor.
    3. Focused on Public Interest: It must concern matters related to the welfare, governance, and moral standards of the entire community, not just a sectarian group.
    4. Fluid and Changing: Public opinion is dynamic; it changes over time based on new information, education, events, and political campaigns.

27. Effects of Volcanic Activity on Human Life:

    • Positive: Provides fertile soil (weathered lava and ash) excellent for agriculture; creates geothermal energy sources; forms valuable mineral deposits; attracts tourism.
    • Negative: Immediate destruction of life, property, and habitat due to lava flow, pyroclastic flow, and ash fall; contamination of water sources; disruption of air travel; climate change due to large emissions of gases/dust.
      Mitigation Measures:
    1. Early Warning Systems & Monitoring: Establishing permanent monitoring stations to track seismic activity, gas emissions, and ground deformation (tilting) to predict eruptions and issue timely warnings.
    2. Land-Use Planning & Zoning: Strictly limiting development, population centers, and critical infrastructure (e.g., hospitals) in identified high-risk zones around active volcanoes.

28. Characteristics of the Lithospheric Plates:

    1. Composition: They are composed of the crust and the uppermost rigid part of the mantle (collectively called the lithosphere).
    2. Movement: These plates are not static; they move slowly over the underlying, less rigid layer called the asthenosphere due to convention currents in the mantle.
    3. Boundaries: Interactions (divergence, convergence, or transform movement) at the plate boundaries are responsible for major geological events like earthquakes, volcanism, and mountain formation.
    4. Size: They vary greatly in size (major plates cover entire continents and oceans; minor plates are smaller localized sections).

29. Reasons for the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement (1922):

    1. The Chauri Chaura Incident (February 1922): The immediate trigger was the violence at Chauri Chaura (UP), where a large crowd of protesters clashed with police and set a police station on fire, killing 22 policemen.
    2. Commitment to Non-Violence: Gandhi firmly believed in Satyagraha and non-violence. He felt the movement was straying from its core principle and becoming uncontrollable and violent in many places.
    3. Risk of Anarchy: Gandhi feared that widespread violence would give the British government a reason to crush the entire movement brutally.
    4. Need for Training: He felt that the volunteers required better training in non-violent resistance and discipline before mass movements could be successfully launched again.

V. 8-Score Questions (16 Marks)

30. (A) Detail the main functions of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI):

    1. Currency Authority (Issue of Notes): The RBI is the sole authority for issuing currency notes (except one rupee notes and coins). It ensures the stability of the currency supply and regulates the circulation of money in the economy under the Minimum Reserve System.
    2. Banker to the Government: It manages the central and state government accounts, accepts deposits, provides loans, and acts as a financial advisor, helping the government manage its public debt.
    3. Banker's Bank and Supervisor: It regulates, supervises, and licenses commercial banks. It acts as the ultimate authority for settling inter-bank accounts and provides liquidity by advancing loans (lender of last resort).
    4. Controller of Credit: RBI uses monetary policy tools (like CRR, SLR, Repo Rate, Open Market Operations) to control the money supply and credit creation by commercial banks, aiming to achieve price stability and economic growth.
    5. Custodian of Foreign Reserves: It manages the foreign exchange reserves of the country, ensuring stable exchange rates and administering the provisions of the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA).

    OR

    (B) Detailed account of the successful integration of the princely states:

    Circumstances Leading to Integration: At independence, there were 565 princely states, theoretically free to join India, Pakistan, or remain independent. This fragmentation posed a massive threat to India's territorial integrity and national unity. The British declaration that Paramountcy would lapse upon transfer of power created a political vacuum.

    Key Architect and Methodology: The integration was primarily spearheaded by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (Minister of Home Affairs) and V.P. Menon (Secretary of the Ministry of States). They adopted a three-pronged strategy:

    1. Diplomacy and Persuasion: Patel used persuasive negotiation, appealing to the nationalistic spirit of the rulers and warning them about the consequences of independence amidst geopolitical threats.
    2. Instrument of Accession (IoA): Rulers were required to sign the IoA, transferring control over only three key areas—Defence, External Affairs, and Communications—to the Indian government, keeping internal autonomy intact. This appeased many rulers.
    3. Police/Military Action (The Iron Fist): In states that resisted integration or attempted to assert complete independence (notably Junagadh, Hyderabad, and Kashmir), the government used force, pressure, or military action (e.g., Operation Polo in Hyderabad) to secure their accession.
    4. Financial Incentives (Privy Purses): To ensure compliance and provide comfort, rulers were later offered Privy Purses—tax-free annual payments—in exchange for relinquishing all ruling rights.

31. (A) Comparison of Equatorial and Tundra Regions:

    Feature	Equatorial Climatic Region (e.g., Amazon, Congo)	Tundra Region (e.g., Arctic, Siberia)
    Natural Vegetation	Density: Extremely dense, multilayered canopy (Tropical Rainforests/Selvas).	Density: Sparse; characterized by low-lying shrubs, mosses, lichens, and grasses.
    Characteristics	High biodiversity, evergreen broadleaf trees, competitive struggle for sunlight (lianas, epiphytes).	Lack of trees due to permafrost (permanently frozen subsoil) and high winds.
    Nomadic Lifestyle (Native People)	Groups: Indigenous tribes (e.g., Pygmies, Yanomami).	Groups: Indigenous peoples (e.g., Inuit/Eskimos, Lapps/Sami, Yakuts).
    Primary Activity	Shifting cultivation (slash-and-burn), hunting and gathering from the dense forest resources.	Hunting and fishing (for seals, whales, caribou/reindeer), and nomadic herding (reindeer).
    Shelter/Mobility	Basic temporary shelters (Maloca) due to settled or semi-nomadic lifestyles, highly dependent on forest.	Highly nomadic, utilizing skin tents (e.g., Igloos in winter) and depending entirely on seasonal animal migrations.

    OR

    (B) Major agencies that play a pivotal role in shaping public opinion:

    Public opinion is the collective, reasoned view of the majority of the people regarding a specific issue. Several agencies influence its formation:

    1. Political Parties:

    • Articulation of Issues: Parties select key issues, simplify complex problems, and present them to the public through their manifestos and campaigns.
    • Mobilization: They mobilize large sections of the population through rallies, meetings, and organizational networks, often framing narratives in a way that favors their political agenda.
    • Ideological Alignment: They provide citizens with an ideological framework, helping them filter information and form opinions aligned with the party's platform.

    2. The Media (Print, Electronic, and Social):

    • Information Dissemination: The media acts as a primary channel for conveying facts, news, and diverse viewpoints to the masses.
    • Agenda Setting: By choosing which stories to cover and how much prominence to give them, the media determines which issues the public considers important (setting the public agenda).
    • Interpretation and Framing: Media outlets interpret events and "frame" the issues, influencing how citizens understand complex topics (e.g., framing an economic decision as a success or a failure).
    • Platform for Debate: Media provides a platform for debates, interviews, and op-eds, allowing conflicting opinions to be aired, which aids in the maturation of public opinion.

    Other Agencies: Educational Institutions, Family, Religious Institutions, and Peer Groups also play significant roles.