Social Science Study Guide
Chapter 1: Weather and Climate
I. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
1. The average weather condition experienced for a longer period over a larger area is termed as the:
- (A) Weather
- (B) Climate
- (C) Insolation
- (D) Heat Budget
Answer: (B) Climate
2. The maximum temperature of the day is typically recorded at:
- (A) Sunrise
- (B) Noon
- (C) 2 pm
- (D) Midnight
Answer: (C) 2 pm
3. The phenomenon of gradual decrease in temperature at the rate of 6.4° Celsius per kilometre of altitude is termed as:
- (A) Thermal Variation
- (B) Normal Lapse Rate
- (C) Heat Budget
- (D) Coriolis Effect
Answer: (B) Normal Lapse Rate
4. The winds blowing constantly over a particular direction throughout the year are called:
- (A) Periodic Winds
- (B) Local Winds
- (C) Variable Winds
- (D) Permanent Winds
Answer: (D) Permanent Winds
II. Assertion-Reasoning (A-R)
5. Assertion (A): The absorption of terrestrial radiation by atmospheric gases such as carbon dioxide heats up the atmosphere.
Reason (R): This phenomenon is termed as the Green House Effect.
Reason (R): This phenomenon is termed as the Green House Effect.
- (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
6. Assertion (A): The movement of air from high pressure areas to low pressure areas is termed as Wind.
Reason (R): Winds are named according to the direction towards which they blow.
Reason (R): Winds are named according to the direction towards which they blow.
- (C) A is true, but R is false. (Winds are named according to the direction from which they blow).
Answer: (C) A is true, but R is false.
III. Triple Match Following
7. Match the heat transfer process with its mechanism and type:
| Column A (Process) | Column B (Mechanism) | Column C (Effect/Type) |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Conduction | (i) Horizontal flow through wind | (x) Transfers heat to lower atmosphere |
| 2. Convection | (ii) Heating/rising of air | (y) Transfers heat to higher reaches |
| 3. Advection | (iii) Direct contact with surface | (z) Horizontal heat transfer |
Options:
(A) 1-iii-x, 2-ii-y, 3-i-z
(B) 1-iii-y, 2-i-x, 3-ii-z
(C) 1-i-x, 2-ii-y, 3-iii-z
(A) 1-iii-x, 2-ii-y, 3-i-z
(B) 1-iii-y, 2-i-x, 3-ii-z
(C) 1-i-x, 2-ii-y, 3-iii-z
Answer: (A) 1-iii-x, 2-ii-y, 3-i-z
IV. Statement-Statement Reasoning
8. Statement 1: The direction of flow of air into Tropical Cyclones is anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere.
Statement 2: The direction of flow of air from Anticyclones is clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere.
Statement 2: The direction of flow of air from Anticyclones is clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere.
- (A) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct.
Answer: (A) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct.
V. Short Answer Questions (SA)
9. Explain the formation of the Equatorial Low Pressure Belt (Doldrum).
- The expansion and rising up of air due to the high temperature prevailing in the equatorial region is the cause for the formation of the Equatorial Low Pressure Belt.
- This zone of vertical air currents is devoid of winds.
- Being a windless zone, this pressure belt is called Doldrum.
10. List four types of precipitation.
- Rainfall
- Snowfall
- Hailstones
- Torrential rain / Cloud burst
VI. Long Answer Questions (LA)
11. Explain the Earth's Heat Budget and describe the major processes by which heat is transferred from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere.
Heat Budget: This is the process of heat balancing, where almost the entire energy reaching the earth as insolation is radiated back every day. This process ensures that the surface temperature of the earth remains balanced without becoming extremely hot or cold.
Major Heat Transfer Processes:
- Conduction: Heat is transferred to the lower part of the atmosphere which is directly in contact with the surface of the earth.
- Convection: As the heated air expands and rises up, heat is transferred to higher reaches of the atmosphere.
- Advection: Heat is transferred horizontally through wind.
- Radiation: Emission of energy in the form of long waves after the earth’s surface gets heated up, known as Terrestrial radiation. The absorption of this radiation by atmospheric gases like carbon dioxide heats up the atmosphere, termed the Green House Effect.
Chapter 2: Climatic Regions and Climate Change
I. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
1. Which climatic region is characterised by long and humid summer and short dry winter, with low diurnal range of temperature in coastal areas and high range in interiors?
- (C) Monsoon climatic region
Answer: (C) Monsoon climatic region
2. The tropical grasslands located in Southern Brazil are known as:
- (C) Campos
Answer: (C) Campos
3. The main reason for the formation of hot deserts on the western margins of continents in the tropical region is that:
- (B) The trade winds lose moisture traveling across continents and become dry upon reaching the western margins
Answer: (B) The trade winds lose moisture traveling across continents and become dry upon reaching the western margins
4. The international agreement focused on reducing the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances, signed in 1987, was the:
- (C) Montreal Protocol
Answer: (C) Montreal Protocol
II. Assertion-Reasoning (A-R)
5. Assertion (A): The Mediterranean climatic region experiences winter rainfall. Reason (R): Westerlies are responsible for winter rainfall in the Mediterranean region.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
6. Assertion (A): The Taiga climatic region is absent in high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. Reason (R): The extent of landmass is generally less in the high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
III. Triple Match Following
7. Match the Temperate Grassland with its Continent and Characteristic Crop:
| Column A (Grassland) | Column B (Continent) | Column C (Characteristic) |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Prairie | (i) South America | (x) Granary of the World (Wheat) |
| 2. Pampas | (ii) Africa | (y) Located in North America |
| 3. Veld | (iii) North America | (z) Natural grazing lands |
Options:
(A) 1-iii-x, 2-i-z, 3-ii-z
(A) 1-iii-x, 2-i-z, 3-ii-z
Answer: (A) 1-iii-x, 2-i-z, 3-ii-z
IV. Statement-Statement Reasoning
8. Statement 1: The increase in global surface temperature between 2011–2020 showed a rise of 1.1°C compared to 1850–1900.
Statement 2: The global sea level is estimated to rise by 0.42 cm per year as a result of climate change.
Statement 2: The global sea level is estimated to rise by 0.42 cm per year as a result of climate change.
Answer: (A) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct.
V. Short Answer Questions (SA)
9. List four key interventions adopted by international initiatives to combat climate change.
- Organised world climate conferences (World Meteorological Organisation, 1950).
- Prepared UN Agenda 21 to promote environment-friendly development (Earth Summit, 1992).
- Reduction of the amount of Green House gases in the atmosphere (Kyoto Protocol, 1997).
- Reduction of the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances (Montreal Protocol, 1987).
- Reduce Global warming and help world nations to cope up with the harmful effects of climate change (Paris Agreement, 2015).
10. What are Climate Refugees, and why are they displaced?
- Climate refugees are those who have to leave their homes and livelihood due to climate-related phenomena.
- They are forcibly displaced by the impacts of climate change-induced disasters such as droughts, floods, desertification, sea-level rise, and sea inundation.
VI. Long Answer Questions (LA)
11. Define Global Warming and explain how it relates to the Greenhouse Effect. Also, describe four anthropogenic activities that contribute to excess Greenhouse Gases.
Greenhouse Effect: Certain gases in the atmosphere (Greenhouse Gases like carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide) trap solar energy. These gases allow sunlight to enter but keep the atmosphere warm by intercepting terrestrial radiation returning from the Earth's surface.
Global Warming: Human activities cause excess production of greenhouse gases. This strengthens the greenhouse effect, leading to an increase in atmospheric temperature, which is called Global Warming.
Anthropogenic Causes:
- Burning of fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum.
- Industrial effluents and solid waste.
- Industrialization.
- Deforestation.
- Land use change and urbanization.
Chapter 3: From The Rainy Forests to The Land of Permafrost
I. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
1. The tropical rainforests found in the Amazon Basin are locally called:
- (D) Selvas
Answer: (D) Selvas
2. The region of the Equatorial Climatic Zone where the horizontal movement of air is minimal and the trade winds converge is known as the:
- (B) Doldrums
Answer: (B) Doldrums
3. The dome-shaped, temporary shelters made out of blocks of snow by Eskimos in the Tundra region are called:
- (B) Igloo
Answer: (B) Igloo
4. The strong snowstorms that blow over the Tundra region, often causing heavier snowfall, are called:
- (C) Blizzards
Answer: (C) Blizzards
II. Assertion-Reasoning (A-R)
5. Assertion (A): The Equatorial Climatic Region is often referred to as the 'Lungs of the World'. Reason (R): These evergreen rainforests absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen at a massive rate.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
6. Assertion (A): Trees are normally absent in the Tundra region. Reason (R): The climate poses challenges due to insufficient sunlight and long winters.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
III. Triple Match Following
7. Match the Indigenous Tribe with their region and primary economic activity:
| Column A (Tribe) | Column B (Region) | Column C (Activity) |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Pygmies | (i) Siberia | (x) Hunting, gathering, nomadic |
| 2. Eskimos/Inuit | (ii) Congo Basin | (y) Nomadic life, rearing reindeer |
| 3. Samoyeds | (iii) Greenland, N. Canada | (z) Live in igloos during winter |
Options: (A) 1-ii-x, 2-iii-z, 3-i-y
Answer: (A) 1-ii-x, 2-iii-z, 3-i-y
IV. Statement-Statement Reasoning
8. Statement 1: In the Tundra region, the sun never sets for weeks in the area between the Arctic Circle and the Pole.
Statement 2: The Polar Eskimos of Greenland still lead a primitive lifestyle, relying on hunting and fishing.
Statement 2: The Polar Eskimos of Greenland still lead a primitive lifestyle, relying on hunting and fishing.
Answer: (A) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct.
V. Short Answer Questions (SA)
9. Why is commercial lumbering challenging in the Equatorial Rainforests?
- The density of the forest hinders commercial lumbering.
- The difficulty of transporting logs is a hindrance.
- The hardwoods found are often too heavy to be floated down the streams.
10. Differentiate between the housing seen in the Amazon and Malaysian Equatorial Regions.
- Amazon Basin: People live in a distinct type of house called Maloca, which have steep-sided slanting roofs. Houses thatched with coconut leaves are also seen.
- Malaysian Equatorial Region: Villages are called Kampongs. Houses are mainly made of wood, bamboo, and leaves, which prevent extreme heat from being felt inside.
VI. Long Answer Questions (LA)
11. Contrast the climatic conditions of the Equatorial Climatic Region and the Tundra Region, and explain how these differences influence their vegetation.
Climatic Comparison:
- Equatorial: High insolation, high temp (mean 27°C), no winter, heavy rainfall (175-250 cm), no dry season.
- Tundra: Very low mean temp, mid-winter -25°C to -35°C, short summers, snow precipitation, polar nights/days.
Influence on Vegetation:
- Equatorial (Rainforests): Luxuriant, evergreen vegetation due to heat and rain. Variety of trees (ebony, mahogany), climbers.
- Tundra: Trees mostly absent due to lack of sunlight/long winters. Scanty vegetation: mosses, lichens, sedges, dwarf willows during brief summer.
Chapter 4: Consumer: Rights and Protection
I. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
1. The want-satisfying power of a commodity/good is called:
- (A) Utility
Answer: (A) Utility
2. The change in total utility that occurs when one additional unit of a commodity is consumed is called:
- (B) Marginal Utility (MU)
Answer: (B) Marginal Utility (MU)
3. Which quality symbol is used to ensure the quality of agricultural and forestry products?
- (B) AGMARK
Answer: (B) AGMARK
4. The Consumer Protection Act 2019 came into force on:
- (C) 20 July 2020
Answer: (C) 20 July 2020
II. Assertion-Reasoning (A-R)
5. Assertion (A): The Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility is based on the assumption that the consumption of goods must be continuous. Reason (R): Marginal Utility from consuming each additional unit of a commodity declines as its consumption increases.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
6. Assertion (A): The GST registration is mandatory for traders with an annual turnover of more than Rs 20 lakhs. Reason (R): The aim of GST is to make the economy transparent by unifying various taxes and implementing the concept of "One Nation, One Tax".
Answer: (B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
III. Triple Match Following
7. Match the Consumer Court Level with its Compensation Limit and Appeal Body:
| Column A (Court) | Column B (Limit) | Column C (Appeal Body) |
|---|---|---|
| 1. District Commission | (i) Rs 1 crore to Rs 10 crore | (x) National Commission |
| 2. State Commission | (ii) Exceeding Rs 10 crore | (y) State Commission |
| 3. National Commission | (iii) Up to Rs 1 crore | (z) Supreme Court |
Options: (A) 1-iii-y, 2-i-x, 3-ii-z
Answer: (A) 1-iii-y, 2-i-x, 3-ii-z
IV. Statement-Statement Reasoning
8. Statement 1: The Consumer Protection Act 2019 covers rules to prevent unfair trade practices by e-commerce platforms.
Statement 2: The Act provides for the punishment of those who manufacture or sell adulterated counterfeit goods.
Statement 2: The Act provides for the punishment of those who manufacture or sell adulterated counterfeit goods.
Answer: (A) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct.
V. Short Answer Questions (SA)
9. What are the key functions of the Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA)?
- To protect and enforce the rights of consumers.
- Covers rules to prevent unfair trade practices by e-commerce platforms.
- Provides punishment for manufacturing/selling adulterated counterfeit goods.
- Prohibits misleading advertisements.
10. List the four key consumer rights ensured by law.
- Right to Safety
- Right to Choose
- Right to Know
- Rights to seek Redressal
- Right to Consumer Education
VI. Long Answer Questions (LA)
11. Explain the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility (LDMU) with reference to Total Utility (TU) and Marginal Utility (MU).
Definitions: Total Utility (TU) is the total want-satisfying power from continuous consumption. Marginal Utility (MU) is the change in TU when one additional unit is consumed.
The Law: MU declines as consumption increases.
Relationship: As consumption increases, MU declines. When MU is zero, TU is max. When MU is negative, TU decreases.
Assumptions: Constant quality, income/taste don't change, continuous consumption, units of fixed quantity.
Chapter 5: Money and Economy
I. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
1. The rate of increase in GDP in the current year compared to the previous year is:
- (C) Economic growth rate
Answer: (C) Economic growth rate
2. The rate of interest charged by the Reserve Bank of India on the loans taken by commercial banks from the RBI is the:
- (B) Repo Rate
Answer: (B) Repo Rate
3. The full name of the organization that replaced the Planning Commission in 2015 is:
- (B) National Institution for Transforming India (NITI)
Answer: (B) National Institution for Transforming India (NITI)
4. The system that allows a current account holder to withdraw more money than the amount currently in the account within a predetermined limit is called:
- (C) Overdraft facility
Answer: (C) Overdraft facility
II. Assertion-Reasoning (A-R)
5. Assertion (A): When money became something that was acceptable to everyone, it had become possible to store the value of any good in the form of money. Reason (R): This was not possible in the barter system.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
6. Assertion (A): The Governor of the RBI is the ultimate authority of money circulation in India. Reason (R): The coins and one rupee notes are printed and issued by the Ministry of Finance.
Answer: (B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
III. Triple Match Following
7. Match the RBI Money Measure with its Components and Type:
| Column A (Category) | Column B (Components) | Column C (Class) |
|---|---|---|
| 1. M1 | (i) M3 + total post office deposits | (x) Narrow money |
| 2. M3 | (ii) Coins, notes + savings deposits | (y) Broad money |
| 3. M4 | (iii) M1 + net fixed deposits | (z) Includes post office deposits |
Options: (A) 1-ii-x, 2-iii-y, 3-i-z
Answer: (A) 1-ii-x, 2-iii-y, 3-i-z
IV. Statement-Statement Reasoning
8. Statement 1: The economic growth rate is the rate of increase in GDP in the current year compared to the previous year. Statement 2: If the growth rate is below zero, it indicates a negative growth and a fall in GDP.
Answer: (A) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct.
V. Short Answer Questions (SA)
9. Differentiate between Commercial Banks and Co-operative Banks.
- Commercial Banks: Licensed by RBI, operations controlled by shareholders.
- Co-operative Banks: Ownership vested with members of cooperative societies. Operate on principles of co-operation/self-help.
10. What are the two core functions performed by commercial banks?
- Accepting deposits from the public.
- Providing loans to individuals and institutions.
VI. Long Answer Questions (LA)
11. Describe the key functions of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and explain how it controls credit and money supply to manage inflation.
Key Functions:
- Printing and Issuing Currency (Sole authority excluding coins/1 rupee note).
- Bankers' Bank.
- Custodian of Foreign Exchange Reserves.
- Acts as the Government's Bank.
Controlling Credit (Inflation Management):
- Bank Rates (Repo Rate): Increasing Repo Rate reduces money supply.
- Reserve Rates (CRR): Increasing CRR reduces money banks can lend.
Chapter 6: The Changing Earth
I. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
1. The processes that are caused by the forces within the Earth at varied intensities are known as:
- (B) Endogenic Movements
Answer: (B) Endogenic Movements
2. The uplifted block of the Earth's crust formed due to faulting is called a:
- (C) Horst
Answer: (C) Horst
3. The point inside the Earth from which earthquake energy is released is called the:
- (B) Focus or Hypocentre
Answer: (B) Focus or Hypocentre
4. The molten rock material present in the upper mantle is called:
- (C) Magma
Answer: (C) Magma
II. Assertion-Reasoning (A-R)
5. Assertion (A): Volcanism is the process that includes the formation and movement of magma toward the surface. Reason (R): Volcanoes are landforms created on the Earth’s surface by molten rock material that reaches the surface.
Answer: (B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
6. Assertion (A): The Himalayan regions are highly vulnerable or susceptible to earthquakes. Reason (R): The friction generated between lithospheric plates along their margins causes high tension to build up, leading to sudden movement or rupture.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
III. Triple Match Following
7. Match the Earth Movement/Process with its Classification and Characteristic:
| Column A (Process) | Column B (Class) | Column C (Characteristic) |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Orogenic Movement | (i) Sudden Movement | (x) Formation of mountains |
| 2. Volcanism | (ii) Slow Movement | (y) Upliftment of crust |
| 3. Epeirogenic Movement | (iii) Slow Movement | (z) Eruption of magma |
Options: (A) 1-iii-x, 2-i-z, 3-iii-y
Answer: (A) 1-iii-x, 2-i-z, 3-iii-y
IV. Statement-Statement Reasoning
8. Statement 1: The outermost layer of the Earth, called the crust, along with the uppermost portion of the mantle, forms the lithosphere. Statement 2: The asthenosphere, lying just below the solid lithosphere, is where rocks exist in a partially molten (semi-liquid) state.
Answer: (A) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct.
V. Short Answer Questions (SA)
9. List four phenomena or processes that contribute to the weathering of rocks.
- Mechanical disintegration/chemical decomposition.
- Expansion/contraction due to temperature.
- Freezing of water in cracks.
- Chemical reactions (oxidation, etc.).
10. List four ways volcanic activities can be useful to humankind.
- Fertile soil.
- Geothermal energy.
- Valuable minerals.
- Tourism.
VI. Long Answer Questions (LA)
11. Describe the phenomenon of mass wasting, listing its types, and explaining the specific mechanism and causes of 'Urulpottal' in Kerala.
Mass Wasting: Movement of rock/earth down a slope due to gravity.
Types: Landfalls, rockfalls, landslides, debris flows.
Urulpottal: Intense rainfall triggers debris flow (sudden movement of rock/soil/water) or landslide.
Triggering Factors: Heavy rainfall, quarrying, unscientific construction on slopes, deforestation.
Chapter 7: Indian Economy: Growth and Transformation
I. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
1. What refers to the process of improving the standard of living and economic well-being of people through growth in income, education, and infrastructure?
- (C) Economic Development
Answer: (C) Economic Development
2. The index developed by the United Nations based on human development to measure economic development is the:
- (D) Human Development Index (HDI)
Answer: (D) Human Development Index (HDI)
3. Who is considered the Father of Indian economic planning?
- (D) M. Visvesvarayya
Answer: (D) M. Visvesvarayya
4. The main objective of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is to:
- (B) Set and enforce the rules of global trade among countries
Answer: (B) Set and enforce the rules of global trade among countries
II. Assertion-Reasoning (A-R)
5. Assertion (A): The GDP of an economy may still increase even if the rate of growth of GDP falls. Reason (R): If the growth rate is above zero, it indicates a positive growth and a rise in GDP.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
6. Assertion (A): Economic planning aims to achieve self-reliance. Reason (R): Self-reliance means minimizing foreign dependence on economic activity.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
III. Triple Match Following
7. Match the Industrial Revolution with its Era and Key Feature:
| Column A (Revolution) | Column B (Era) | Column C (Feature) |
|---|---|---|
| 1. First | (i) 1870 | (x) Steam engine / Mechanization |
| 2. Second | (ii) 2000 | (y) Electricity / Assembly line |
| 3. Fourth | (iii) 1784 | (z) IoT, Big Data, Cloud |
Options: (A) 1-iii-x, 2-i-y, 3-ii-z
Answer: (A) 1-iii-x, 2-i-y, 3-ii-z
IV. Statement-Statement Reasoning
8. Statement 1: Personal income is the total income earned by an individual from various sources. Statement 2: The per capita income of a country can be higher or lower than personal income, hence a difference always exists.
Answer: (A) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct.
V. Short Answer Questions (SA)
9. List the three indices used to calculate the Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI).
- Basic Literacy Index (BLI).
- Infant Mortality Index (IMI).
- Life Expectancy Index (LEI).
10. What are the three main objectives of the NITI Aayog?
- Create a vision for development priorities.
- Promote sustainable/inclusive growth.
- Promote innovation and entrepreneurship.
VI. Long Answer Questions (LA)
11. Explain the concept of Economic Development and state four essential conditions necessary for achieving a better quality of life that must accompany economic growth.
Economic Development: Process of improving standard of living/well-being through growth in income, education, and infrastructure. Benefits of growth must be shared by everyone.
Conditions for Quality of Life:
- Educational facilities.
- Nutrient availability.
- Transportation facilities.
- Housing/Health/Water.
Chapter 8: Towards Sustainability
I. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
1. Resources that are continuously produced or replenished in nature through physical or chemical processes are called:
- (C) Renewable resources
Answer: (C) Renewable resources
2. The resources that can be exploited with the help of existing technology, but whose use has not yet begun and may be utilized later to meet future needs, are called:
- (D) Reserves
Answer: (D) Reserves
3. The metal Titanium is extracted from which major ores?
- (B) Ilmenite and Rutile
Answer: (B) Ilmenite and Rutile
4. The report that first proposed the concept of sustainable development in 1987 was the:
- (B) Our Common Future (Brundtland Report)
Answer: (B) Our Common Future (Brundtland Report)
II. Assertion-Reasoning (A-R)
5. Assertion (A): The Aral Sea was transformed into the Aralkum Desert. Reason (R): Humans diverted its main source rivers (Amu Darya and Syr Darya) for cotton cultivation, leading to the overexploitation of natural resources.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
6. Assertion (A): Fossil fuels are very important sources of energy. Reason (R): If fossil fuels become scarce, all developmental activities will come to a standstill.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
III. Triple Match Following
7. Match the Mineral Type with its Classification and Example:
| Column A (Type) | Column B (Class) | Column C (Example) |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Iron | (i) Non-metallic | (x) Aluminum |
| 2. Limestone | (ii) Ferrous | (y) Inorganic mineral |
| 3. Bauxite | (iii) Non-ferrous | (z) Manganese |
Options: (A) 1-ii-z, 2-i-y, 3-iii-x
Answer: (A) 1-ii-z, 2-i-y, 3-iii-x
IV. Statement-Statement Reasoning
8. Statement 1: Ubiquitous resources are those found everywhere, such as air and solar energy. Statement 2: Localised resources are those found only in certain parts of the world, such as metal ores and fossil fuels.
Answer: (A) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct.
V. Short Answer Questions (SA)
9. Differentiate between Stocks and Reserves.
- Stocks: Materials that can meet needs but humans lack technology to use them (e.g., Hydrogen energy from water).
- Reserves: Can be exploited with existing technology, but use hasn't started yet (saved for future).
10. List four characteristics of Conventional/Non-Renewable Energy resources.
- Get depleted with use.
- Cause pollution.
- Expensive to maintain/extract.
- Cannot be reused.
VI. Long Answer Questions (LA)
11. Define sustainable development and explain the importance of resource conservation. What key agreements/reports have contributed to the concept of sustainable development globally?
Sustainable Development: Meeting present needs without compromising future generations.
Conservation: Careful use of resources to maintain balance between consumption and development, ensuring availability for future.
Key Contributions:
- Brundtland Commission Report (1987): Proposed the concept.
- Rio Earth Summit (1992): Adopted Agenda 21.
